Delivery

Evening Class

Lecture/Tutorial   Monday 6-9pm

Location  Y3A 246

Resources

Two books are recommended for this unit:

• H. Schäfer, Principles of Egyptian Art, (edited by E. Brunner-Traut, trans. by J. Baines, Oxford, 1986);
• W. S. Smith, The Art and Architecture of Ancient Egypt, (revised edition, New Haven, 1998).

Online units can be accessed at: http://ilearn.mq.edu.au/.

PC and Internet access are required. Basic computer skills (e.g., internet browsing) and skills in word processing are also a requirement.

Please consult teaching staff for any further, more specific requirements.

Completion of Unit

To complete the unit satisfactorily, you will need to achieve an overall mark worth 50% or above.

Extensions and Special Consideration

If you anticipate any difficulty in attending class for a scheduled test it is important that you contact us as early as possible. Please avoid asking for extensions as missing deadlines complicates the work of markers and puts you behind.

If you have to ask for an extension or the opportunity to re-schedule the date of a test please request it before the deadline, and only request the extension if you face serious crises that can be documented in some way (e.g. with a medical certificate). ‘Getting behind with your work’ or 'I ran out of time’ are not excuses. If you miss a class test due to illness or a serious crisis that can be documented, you can re-schedule and sit the test at a later time. Please see us as soon as possible to organise a time and place to sit a supplementary test.

For your information:

• 2% of credit will be deducted per day for assignments handed in late without an extension.
• If your assessment task is more than two weeks late, and you do not have special consideration, you will need to gain the permission of the unit convenor before submitting that task. Tasks more than two weeks late, without special consideration, will be marked on a pass/fail basis.
• 10% of credit will be deducted for assignments that exceed the word length by 10% or more.
• Assignments handed in early will not be marked and returned before the due date.

Special Consideration Policy

http://www.mq.edu.au/policy/docs/special_consideration/policy.html

Applying for Special Consideration

Students applying for Special Consideration circumstances of three (3) consecutive days duration, within a study period, and/or prevent completion of a formal examination must submit an on-line application with the Faculty of Arts. For an application to be valid, it must include a completed Application for Special Consideration form and all supporting documentation.

The online Special Consideration application is found at:  http://www.arts.mq.edu.au/current_students/undergraduate/admin_central/special_consideration.

RESOURCES FOR STUDY

The study of Egyptian wall paintings is well supported by both the Macquarie Library and by materials available via the web.

Macquarie Library

The Macquarie Library (www.lib.mq.edu.au) has a large collection of books about Egyptian art, as well as a comprehensive range of tomb reports, which are available on the main shelves and may be borrowed. Furthermore, the Library also holds an extensive collection of books, journals, and reprints that were originally owned by the Egyptologist, Helmut Brunner. The Brunner collection is contained in a special room on the 3rd floor of the Library to which only MA and PhD students have access. Materials cannot be removed from the room (although see below); however, students may pay for sections of relevant books and articles to be photocopied by Library staff. Please contact the Library about obtaining a Brunner swipe card so that you can access the collection.

Journals

The following journals (available from the Macquarie Library) contain tomb reports and detailed comments about Egyptian art and iconography:

• Bulletin de l'Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale (BIFAO)
• Bulletin of the Australian Centre for Egyptology (BACE)
• Bulletin of the Egyptological Seminar (BES)
• Chronique d’’Egypte (Cd’É)
• Discussions in Egyptology (DE)
• Göttinger Miszellen (GM)
• Journal of Egyptian Archaeology (JEA)
• Journal of Near Eastern Studies (JNES)
• Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt (JARCE)
• Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Abteilung Kairo (MDAIK)
• Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur (SAK)

Note that the JStor database (http://www.jstor.org/) can be accessed through the Macquarie Library website and contains the full-text of articles from the Journal of Egyptian Archaeology (1914-2001) and the Journal of Near Eastern Studies (1942-2002), as well as many other relevant serials. The database Expanded Academic ASAP has a number of useful articles. Most of the papers in BIFAO (http://www.ifao.egnet.net/bifao/) are available online, while the abstracts of papers in SAK (http://www.uni-hamburg.de/Wiss/FB/09/ArchaeoI/Aegypto/sak/sak.htm) and the contents tables for GM (http://www.aegyptologie.uni-goettingen.de/GM/en/GM.htm) are also accessible.

For a list of journal abbreviations used in Egyptology, see

http://www.geocities.com/TimesSquare/Alley/4482/AHmag.html

Inter-Library Loan

Masters students may obtain books and journal articles that are not held in the Macquarie Library by ordering them through the Document Supply (inter-library loan) service. Please check the Library website http://www.lib.mq.edu.au/docsup/index.html for information.

Online Materials

Books and Site Reports

 -   Brunner electronic books: A number of the tomb reports that are contained in the Brunner collection have been scanned and are available for download. When you search the Library catalogue, you will notice that some titles list their location as 'Electronic source'. When you access these records, you will be able to download and save both the text and the plates from entire volumes.

-   Australian Centre for Egyptology tomb reports: A small number of ACE reports have been saved in pdf form and can be obtained directly from the Centre's website (http://www.egyptology.mq.edu.au/resourcematerial.htm). Note that you can also purchase ACE tomb reports from the Australian Centre for Egyptology office in W6A 531.

-   Lepsius Denkmäler: All 5 volumes of Richard Lepsius’ (1897-1913) work, Denkmäler aus Aegypten und Aethiopien, are now available online at http://edoc3.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/lepsius/. This is a very important source for the study of Egyptian art as it records many tomb scenes that have since been destroyed.

-   Giza Archives Project: Every book and article by the members of the Harvard University–Boston Museum of Fine Arts Expedition (George Reisner, William Stevenson Smith, Dows Dunham, etc.), as well as all Egyptian and Nubian articles published in the Bulletin of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston (BMFA) are available as PDFs on the Giza Archives Project website http://www.gizapyramids.org/code/emuseum.asp?newpage=library. The site also includes PDFs of all 7 volumes of the Giza Mastabas Series.

-   Other electronic book collections that include Egyptology titles include:

• Digitalisierte Literatur zur Ägyptologie (University of Heidelberg: http://www.ub.uniheidelberg.de/helios/fachinfo/www/aegypt/online.htm )
• Etana (Electronic Tools and Near Eastern Archives: http://www.etana.org/coretexts.shtml)
• Electronic Open Stacks (University of Chicago: http://www.lib.uchicago.edu/eos/html/page.form.html)

-   General search engines: A search through Google Scholar (http://scholar.google.com.au/) can yield a surprising number of relevant citations and articles. Google Books (http://books.google.com.au/) also offers a limited number of general titles about Egyptian art.

-   General Egyptology websites that provide many useful links include:

• Online Resources for Egyptology (http://www.sefkhet.net/Oxford-Net-Res.html)

-   Out-of-print Egyptology books and tomb reports are sold on CD by Yare Egyptology at http://www.yareegyptology.freeola.org/YE/index.php at an average price per volume: $23 AUD.

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF EGYPTIAN WALL SCENES

This selected bibliography compiles the main books and journal articles useful for the study of Egyptian Art. Please read through the titles of the references below and start to pick out those resources that will be useful for your research but note that you will need to locate and use individual site reports, journal articles and book chapters that are not listed here.

Aldred, C,. 1973. Akhenaten and Nefertiti. Viking.

Aldred, C., 1980. Egyptian Art. Oxford.

Arnold, D., 1996. The Royal Women of Amarna. The Metropolitan Museum of Art.

Arnold, D., Grzymski, K. and Ziegler, C. 1999. Egyptian Art in the Age of the Pyramids. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.

Baines, J.R., 1980. 'Art and architecture: Methods of representation' in Atlas of Ancient Egypt. Phaidon, pp. 56-59

Baines, J.R., 1985a. 'Color terminology and color classification: Ancient Egyptian color terminology and polychromy', American Anthropologist 87: 282-297.

Baines, J.R., 1985b. 'Theories and universals of representation: Heinrich Schäfer and Egyptian art', Art History 8: 1-25.

Baines, J.R., 1989. 'Communication and display: The integration of early Egyptian art and writing', Antiquity 63, 471-482.

Baines, J.R., 1992. 'Open palms' in Sesto Congresso Internazionale di Egittologia vol. 1. Torino.

Baines, J.R., 1994. 'On the status and purposes of ancient Egyptian art', Cambridge Archaeological Journal 4(1): 67-94.

Baud, M., 1978. Le Caractère du Dessin en Égypte Ancienne. A. Maisonneuve, Paris.

Berman, L., 1990. The Art of Amenhotep III: Art Historical Analysis. Cleveland Museum of Art.

Bierbrier, M., 1997. Ancient Faces, Mummy Portraits from Roman Egypt. The British Museum.

Bierbrier, M., 1997. Portraits and Masks: Burial Customs in Ancient Egypt. The British Museum.

Bietak, M., 1996. Avaris: The Capital of the Hyksos. The British Museum.

Bietak, M., 2000. 'The mode of representation in Egyptian art in comparison to Aegean Bronze Age art', in Sherratt, S. (ed.), The Wall Paintings of Thera Proceedings of the First International Symposium, vol. 1. Athens, Greece, pp. 209-246.

Bochi, P.A., 2003. 'Time in the art of ancient Egypt: From ideological concept to Visual construct', KronoScope 3(1), 51-82.

Bochi, P.A., 1994. 'Images of times in ancient Egyptian art' JARCE 31: 55-62.

Bolshakov, A.O., 1990. 'The ideology of the Old Kingdom portrait', GM 117/118: 89-91.

Bothmer, B., 1960. Egyptian Sculpture of the Late Period, The Brooklyn Museum.

Bourriau, J., 1988. Pharaohs and Mortals: Egyptian Art of the Middle Kingdom. Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge.

Brooklyn Museum, 1988. Cleopatra's Egypt: The Age of the Ptolemies. The Brooklyn Museum.

Brovarski, E., 'A Second Style in Egyptian Relief of the Old Kingdom,' in Thompson, S.E. and Manuelian, P. (eds.), Egypt and Beyond. Essays Presented to Leonard H. Lesko upon his Retirement from the Wilbour Chair of Egyptology at Brown University June 2005, Providence: Department of Egyptology and Ancient Western Asian Studies, 2008, pp. 49–89.

Brunner-Traut, E., 1974. 'Aspective' in Schäfer, H., Principles of Egyptian Art, Oxford University Press, pp. 421-426.

Bryan, B. M., 1995. 'A Work in Progress: The Unfinished Tomb of Suemniwet', Egyptian Archaeology 6: 14-16.

Bryan, B. M., 2001. 'Painting Techniques and Artisan Organization in the Tomb of Sueminewt, Theban Tomb 92', in: Davies, W. V., (ed.), Colour and Painting in Ancient Egypt, London, 63-72.

Callender, V.G., 'The iconography of the princess in the Old Kingdom' in: Bárta, M., (ed.), The Old Kingdom Art and Archaeology. Proceedings of the Conference held in Prague, May 31–June 4, 2004, Prague: Czech Institute of Egyptology, 2006, pp. 119–126.

Case, H. and Payne, J.C., 1962. 'Tomb 100: The decorated tomb at Hierakonpolis', JEA 48: 5-18.

Ćwiek, A., (2003), Relief Decoration in the Royal Funerary Complexes of the Old Kingdom: Studies in the Development, Scene Content and Iconography, (Unpublished PhD Thesis, Institute of Archaeology, University of Warsaw).

Cherpion, N., 1989. Mastabas et Hypogées d’Ancien Empire: Le Problème de la Datation.

Davies, W.V., (ed.) 2001. Colour and Painting in Ancient Egypt. British Museum Press.

Davies, W.V., and Schofield, L. 1995. Egypt, the Aegean and the Levant: Interconnections in the Second Millennium B.C. The British Museum.

Davis, W., 1976. 'The origins of register compositions in predynastic Egyptian art', JAOS 96:404-418.

Davis, W., 1978. 'Two compositional tendencies in Amarna relief', AJA 82: 387-394.

Davis, W., 1982. 'Canonical representation in ancient Egyptian art', Res: Anthropology and Aesthetics 4: 20-45.

Davis, W., 1983. 'Artists and patrons in predynastic and early dynastic Egypt', SAK 19: 119-139.

Davis, W., 1983. 'Egyptian images: Precept and concept', GM 64: 83-96.

Davis, W., 1989. The Canonical Tradition in Ancient Egyptian Art, Cambridge .

De Garis Davies, Nina., 1936. Ancient Egyptian Paintings. 3 vols. University of Chicago Press.

De Garis Davies, Norman., 1917. 'Egyptian drawings on limestone flakes', JEA 4: 234-240.

Donovan, L. and McCorquodale, K., 2000. Egyptian Art: Principles and Themes in Wall Scenes. Giza, Foreign Cultural Affairs Department.

Derchain, P., 'Symbols and Metaphors in Literature and Representations of Private Life', Royal Anthropological Institute News, 15 (1976), 7-10.

Dunham, D., 'Portraiture in Ancient Egypt.' Bulletin of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston 41, No. 246(December 1943), pp. 68–72.

Dunham, D., 1939. 'Some notes on ancient Egyptian drawing', Bulletin of the Museum of Fine Arts 37:62-64.

Emery, W.B., 1961. Archaic Egypt. Penguin.

Evans, L., 'The Praying Mantis in Ancient Egypt', BACE 15 (2004), 7-18

Fazzini, R., 1988. Egypt Dynasty XXII-XXV. Brill.

Feucht, E., 'Fishing and Fowling with the Spear and Throw-stick Reconsidered', in: U. Luft, The Intellectual Heritage of Egypt Studies presented to László Kákosy by friends and colleagues on Occasion of his 60th Birthday, (Studia Aegyptiaca 14), (Budapest, 1992), 157-169.

Finkenstaedt, E., 1980. 'Regional painting style in prehistoric Egypt', ZÄS 107: 116-120.

Fischer, H., 1986. L'Écriture et l'Art de l'Égypt Ancienne. Presses Universitaires de France.

Frandsen, P.J., 1997. 'On categorization and metaphorical structuring: Some remarks on Egyptian art and language', Cambridge Archaeological Journal 7(1), 71-104.

Frankfort, H., 1929. The Mural Painting of El-Amarneh. Egypt Exploration Society.

Frankfort, H., 1932. 'On Egyptian art', JEA 18: 33-48.

Frankfort, H., 1954. The Art and Architecture of the Ancient Orient. Penguin.

Fitzenreiter, M. and Herb, M. (eds.). 2006. Dekorierte Grabanlagen im Alten Reich: Methodik und Interpretation, IBAES VI. Golden House Publications.

Gaballa, G.A., 1976. Narrative in Egyptian Art. Philipp von Zabern.

Gilderdale, P., 1984. 'The early Amarna canon', GM 81: 7-20.

Groenwegen-Frankfort, H.A., 1951. Arrest and Movement: An Essay on Space and Time in Representational Art of the Ancient Near East. Faber and Faber.

Harpur, Y., 1987. Decoration in Egyptian Tombs of the Old Kingdom: Studies in Orientation and Scene Content. KPI, London.

Hartwig, M.K., 2002. 'Style and visual rhetoric in Theban tomb painting' in Hawass, Z. and Brock, L.P. (eds), Egyptology at the Dawn of the Twenty-First Century: Proceedings of the Eighth International Congress of Egyptologists, Cairo 2000, American University Press, II, 298-307.

Hartwig, M.K., 2004. Tomb Painting and Identity in Ancient Thebes: 1419-1372 B.C. Belgium.

Hawass, Z. and Richards, J. (eds.). 2007. The Archaeology and Art of Ancient Egypt: Essays in Honor of David B. O’Connor, CASAE 36, 2 vols. Conseil Suprême des Antiquités l’Egypte.

Hayes, W.C., 1990. The Scepter of Egypt: Before 1675-1080 B.C. The Metropolitan Museum of Art.

Hayes, W.C., 1946. 'Egyptian tomb reliefs of the Old Kingdom', Metro. Mus. Art Bull., 4(7): 170-178.

Hayes, W.C., 1953. The Scepter of Egypt. 2 vols. Metropolitan Museum of Art.

Hoffman, M., 1979. Egypt Before the Pharaohs. Alfred Knopf.

Houlihan, P.F., 'Animals in Egyptian Art and Hieroglyphs' in: Collins, B. J., (ed.), (2002), A History of the Animal World in the Ancient Near East, Leiden, pp. 97-143.

Huyge et al. 2007. 'Lascaux along the Nile: Late Pleistocene rock art in Egypt', Antiquity 81(313): www.antiquity.ac.uk/ProjGall/huyge/index.html

Iversen, E., 1955. Canon and proportions in Egyptian Art. Sidgwick and Jackson.

Iversen, E., 1971. 'The canonical tradition' in Harris, J.R., The Legacy of Egypt, Oxford University Press.

Iversen, E., 1975. Canon and proportions in Egyptian Art. 2nd edition. Aris and Phillips.

Iversen, E., 1976. 'The proportions of the face in Egyptian art', SAK 4: 135-148.

Josephson, J., 1997. Egyptian Royal Sculpture of the Late Period 400-246 B.C. Phillip von Zabern.

Kamrin, J., The Cosmos of Khnumhotep II at Beni Hasan, (London, 1999).

Kanawati, N., 1981. 'The living and the dead in Old Kingdom scenes', SAK 9: 213-225.

Kanawati, N., 2001. The Tomb and Beyond: Burial Customs of Egyptian Officials. Aris and Phillips.

Kanawati, N., 'Bull Fighting in Ancient Egypt', BACE 2 (1991), 51-58.

Kanawati, N., 'Some Iconographic Peculiarities in the Teti Cemetery' in: C. Ziegler (ed.), L'Art de l'Ancien Empire égyptien, pp. 281-310.

Kantor, H., 1957. 'Narration in Egyptian art', American Journal of Archaeology 61(1): 44-54 (16 plates).

Kemp. B.J., 1979. 'Wall paintings from the Workmen’s Village at el-Amarna', JEA 65: 47-53.

Kessler, D., 1987. 'Zur Bedeutung der Szenen des täglichen Lebens in den Privatgräbern I: Die Szenen des Schiffsbaues under Schiffahrt', ZÄS 114: 59-88.

Kinney, L., 'The Dance of the Mww', BACE 15 (2004), 63-77.

Kinney, L., 'Dancing on a Time Line: Visually Communicating the Passage of Time in Ancient Egyptian Wall Art', BACE 15 (2004), 145-159.

Klebs, L., 1914. 'Die Tiefdimension in der Zeichnung des alten Reiches', ZÄS 52: 19-34.

Klebs, L., 1915. Die Reliefs des alten Reiches. Winter.

Klebs, L., 1915. Die Reliefs und Malereien des neuen Reiches. Winter.

Klebs, L., 1922. Die Reliefs und Malereien des mitteleren Reiches. Winter.

Kozloff, A., 1979. 'A study of the painters of the tomb of Menna, No. 60' in Acts of the First Congress of Egyptology, Akademie Verlag, pp. 395-402.

Kozloff, A., Bryan, B., and Berman, L. 1992. Egypt's Dazzling Sun. Cleveland Museum of Art.

Kunst des Alten Reiches: Symposium im Deutschen Archáologischen Institut Kairo am 29. und 30. Oktober 1991. Philipp von Zabern, 1995.

Lehner, M., and Lacovara, P., 1985. 'An enigmatic object explained.' JEA 71, pp. 169–174.

Leclant, J., 1987. Tanis: L'Or des pharaons. Ministère des Affaires Étrangères and Association Française d’Action Artistique.

Lorenzen, E., 1977. 'Canon and ‘thumbs’ in Egyptian art', JAOS 97: 531-539.

Manuelian, P., 1998. 'Digital Epigraphy: An Approach to Streamlining Egyptological Epigraphic Method.' JARCE 35: 97-113.

Manuelian, P., 'Digital Epigraphy at Giza.' Egyptian Archaeology no. 17 (Autumn 2000), pp. 25–27.

Mackay, E., 1917. 'Proportion squares on tomb walls in the Theban necropolis', JEA: 74-85.

Mekhitarian, A., 1954. Egyptian Painting. Skira.

Michalowski, K., 1969. The Art of Ancient Egypt. Thames and Hudson.

Montet, P., 1925. Les Scènes de la Vie Privée dans les Tombeaux Égyptiens de l’Ancien Empire. Oxford University Press.

Montserrat, D., 1993. "The representation of young males in Fayum portraits', JEA 79: 215-225.

Müller, V., 1938. The origin of the early dynastic style', JAOS 58: 140-147.

Müller, V., 1943. 'Progress and reaction in ancient Egyptian art', Journal of the American Orientalist Society 63(2): 144-149.

Mysliwiec, K., 1988. Royal Portraiture of the Dynasties XXI-XXX. Phillip von Zabern.

Nims, C.F., 1973. 'The transition from the traditional to the new style of wall relief under Amenhotep IV', JNES 32: 181-187.

Panagiotopoulos, D., 2001. 'Keftiu in Context: Theban tomb-paintings as a historical source', Oxf. J. Arch. 20(3): 263-283

Peck, W.H. and Ross, J.G., 1978. Egyptian Drawings. Dutton.

Petrie, W.M.F., 1921. 'Egyptian working drawings', Ancient Egypt: 24-26.

Petrie, W.M.F., 1953. Ceremonial Slate Palettes/ Corpus of Proto-Dynastic Pottery. British School of Archaeology.

Pischikova, E., 1998. 'Reliefs from the tomb of the vizier Nespakashuty: Reconstruction, iconography, and style', Metropolitan Museum Journal 33: 57-101.

Pittman, H. 1996., "Constructing context: The Gebel el Arak knife: Greater Mesopotamian and Egyptian interaction in the late fourth millennium B.C." in Cooper, G. and Schwartz, G., The Study of the Ancient Near East in the Twenty-first Century, Eisenbrauns.

Rehak, P. 1997., 'Aegean natives in the Theban tomb paintings: The Keftiu revisited', Aegeum18:39-51.

Riefstahl, E., 'A Note on Ancient Fashions.' BMFA 68, No. 354 (1970), 244–259.

Riggs, C., 2002. 'Facing the dead: Recent research on the funerary art of Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt', AJA 106: 85-101.

Riggs, C., 2005. The Beautiful Burial in Roman Egypt: Art, Identity and Funerary Religion. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Robins, G., 1982. 'The length of the forearm in canon and metrology' GM 59: 61-75.

Robins, G., 1983a. 'Amarna grids: 1', GM 64: 67-72.

Robins, G., 1983c. 'The canon of proportions in the tomb of Ramesses I (KV16)', GM 68: 85-90.

Robins, G., 1983d. 'Natural and canonical proportions in ancient Egyptians', GM 61: 17-25.

Robins, G., 1984. 'Analysis of facial proportions in Egyptian art' GM 79: 31-41.

Robins, G., 1985. 'Amarna grids 2: Treatment of standing figures of the queen' GM 88: 47-54.

Robins, G., 1985. 'Amarna grids: 3. Standing figures of the king in the early style' GM 84: 51-64.

Robins, G., 1985. 'Standing figures in the late grid system of the 26th dynasty' SAK 12: 101-116.

Robins, G., 1986. Egyptian Painting and Relief. Shire Publications .

Robins, G., 1990. Beyond the Pyramids, Emory University.

Robins, G., 1990. 'Problems in interpreting Egyptian art', Discussions in Egyptology 17: 45-58.

Robins, G., 1991. 'Composition and the artist's squared grid', JARCE 28: 41-54.

Robins, G., 1992. 'Masculine and feminine traits in male figures in Egyptian two-dimensional art from the late 4th dynasty to the 26th dynasty', Sesto Congresso Internazionale di Egittologia. Atti 1: 535-541.

Robins, G., 1993. 'The representation of sexual characteristics in Amarna art, JSSEA 23: 29-41, pls. I-V.

Robins, G., 1993b. 'Anomalous proportions in the tomb of Haremhab (KV57)', GM 65: 91-96.

Robins, G., 1994. 'On supposed connections between the 'canon of proportions' and metrology', JEA 80: 191-194.

Robins, G., 1994. 'Some principles of compositional dominance and gender hierarchy in Egyptian art', JARCE 31: 33-40.

Robins, G., 1994. Proportion and Style in Ancient Egyptian Art. Thames and Hudson.

Robins, G., 1995. 'Canonical proportions and metrology', JEA 32: 91-92.

Robins, G., 1997. 'The "feminization" of the male figure in New Kingdom two-dimensional art' in: Goring, E. et al., Chief of Seers: Egyptian Studies in Memory of Cyril Aldred, London, pp. 251-265.

Robins, G., 1997. The Art of Ancient Egypt. Harvard University Press,

Robins, G., 1998. 'Piles of offerings: paradigms of limitation and creativity in ancient Egyptian art' in: Eyre, C.J., Proceedings of the Seventh International Congress of Egyptologists, Leuven, pp. 957-963.

Robins, G., 1999. ‘Hair and the Construction of Identity in Ancient Egypt, c. 1480-1350 B.C’ JARCE 36: pp. 55-69.

Robins, G., 2001. 'The use of the squared grid as an artist's technical aid in Eighteenth Dynasty painted tombs' in Davies, W.V., Colour and Painting in Ancient Egypt, British Museum Press, pp. 60-62, pls. 13-15.

Robins, G., 2003. 'Image and reality in Amarna art' in: Grimal, N., et al., Hommages à Fayza Haikal, Cairo, pp. 225-229.

Roth, A.M., 'Little Women: Gender and Hierarchic proportion in Old Kingdom mastaba chapels,' in: Bárta, M., (ed.), The Old Kingdom Art and Archaeology. Proceedings of the Conference held in Prague, May 31–June 4, 2004, Prague: Czech Institute of Egyptology, 2006. pp. 281–296.

Russmann, E., 1980. 'The anatomy of an artistic convention: Representation of the near foot in two dimensions through the New Kingdom', BES 2: 57-81.

Russmann, E., 1995. "A second style in Egyptian art of the Old Kingdom", MDAIK 51: 269-79.

Russmann, E., 2000. 'The Egyptian character of certain Egyptian painting techniques' in Sherratt, S. (ed.), The Wall Paintings of Thera: Proceedings of the First International Symposium, vol. 1. Athens, Greece, pp. 71-76.

Russmann, E., 2000. 'The state of Egyptology at the end of the millennium: Art' in Hawass, Z (ed.), Egyptology at the Dawn of the twenty-first Century, vol. 2, American University in Cairo Press, Cairo, 23-26 + respondents 27-37.

Schäfer, H., 1974. Principles of Egyptian Art. Oxford University Press.

Siebels, R., 'Representations of Granaries in the Old Kingdom', BACE 12 (2001), 85-99.

Siebels, R., 'The Wearing of Sandals in Old Kingdom Tomb Decoration', BACE 7 (1996), 75-88.

Simpson, W.K., 1978. 'Aspects of Egyptian art: Function and aesthetic' in Schmandt-Bessart, D. (ed.), Immortal Egypt, Austin, TX, pp. 19-25

Smith, H.S., 1992. "The Making of Egypt: A review of the influence of Susa and Sumer on Upper Egypt and Lower Nubia in the 4th millennium B.C." in Friedman, R. and Adams, B., The Followers of Horus: Studies Dedicated to Michael Allen Hoffman, Oxbow Books, pp. 235-246.

Smith, W.S., 1949. A History of Egyptian Sculpture and Painting in the Old Kingdom. Harvard University Press.

Smith, W. S., 1951. 'Paintings of the Egyptian Middle Kingdom at Bersheh', AJA 55(4): 321-332.

Smith, W.S., 1981. The Art of Ancient Egypt. Penguin.

Sourdive, C., 1984. La Main dans l’Egypte Pharaonique. Peter Lang.

Spencer, A. J., 1993. Early Egypt: The Rise of Civilization in the Nile Valley. The British Museum.

Teeter, E., 1994. "Egyptian Art" in Ancient Art at the Art Institute of Chicago (Art Institute of Chicago Museum Studies vol. 20), pp. 14-31.

Van Walsem, R., 2005. Iconography in Old Kingdom Elite Tombs. Peeters.

Vandier, J., Manuel d’Archéologie Égyptienne I-V. Picard.

Ware, E.W., 1927. 'Egyptian artists’ signatures', AJSL 43: 185-207.

Weeks, K., 1979. 'Art, word, and the Egyptian world view' in Weeks, K., (ed.) Egyptology and the Social Sciences, American University in Cairo Press, pp. 59-81.

Wilkinson, C.K., Egyptian Wall Paintings. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1983.

Wilkinson, R., 1992. Reading Egyptian Art: A Hieroglyphic Guide to Ancient Egyptian Painting and Sculpture. Thames and Hudson.

Williams, B., 1988. Decorated Pottery and the Art of Naqada III: A Documentary Essay. Deutscher Kunstverlag, Munich.

Williams, B. and Logan, T., 1987. 'The Metropolitan Museum of Art knife handle and aspects of pharaonic imagery before Narmer,' JNES 46/4: 245-285.

Williams, C.R., 1921. 'An Egyptian sketch on limestone', Quart. Bull. NY Hist. Soc. 4: 91-99.

Williams, C.R., 1929-1931. 'Wall decorations of the main temple of the sun at el Amarneh', Metro. Mus. Stud. 2: 135-151.

Williams, C.R., 1932. The Decoration of the tomb of Per-Neb: The Technique and the Color Conventions. Metropolitan Museum of Art.

Wilson, J.A., 1947. 'The artist of the Egyptian Old Kingdom' (review of Smith, 1949),' JNES 6: 231-249.

Wood, W., 1978. 'A reconstruction of the reliefs of Hesy-Re', JARCE 15: 9-24.

 A Research Project

The purpose of this research project is for you to analyse one artistic theme found in an Egyptian temple or tomb in depth. Once you have been assigned your research topic, your task is to collect as many relevant tomb scenes as possible by examining the primary sources. These will consist primarily of site reports, but you may also consult published museum collections and exhibition catalogues. To start your research we have the following suggestions:

• Once you have chosen a theme to analyse, try to define your topic and restrict it to a certain time period, such as Musicians of the Old Kingdom. A general overview of a theme covering the Early Dynastic through to the Ramesside Period is too broad to analyse the scenes and identify changes and developments.
• When your topic is defined, you must attempt to collect as many examples as possible of, say, musicians from the Old Kingdom, by examining photographs and line-drawings in site reports, museum catalogues, and others suggested by Porter and Moss, Bibliography. If applicable, you should collect examples from both elite tombs and royal reliefs.
• Now that you have collected a reasonable sample size (say 20-40 examples) and documented which tomb or temple the scene came from, carefully study each example and ask yourself the following questions: What is the scene meant to represent? What has the artist included and what has he omitted? How has the artist adjusted his image to conform to the Egyptian principles of representation?
• In the next step place all the examples in chronological order by each King's reign. This can be done in consultation with secondary sources such as Harpur, Decoration, in order to look for subtle changes over time. Ask yourself some of these questions: Are certain details or the style of rendering consistently shown in this way throughout your chosen period? Equally, does the scene show any small adjustments in posture or ornamentation? If so, what do you think this can this tell us? Furthermore, do these changes occur at a particular time and can these be used as dating criteria?

To help you research your chosen artistic theme, use the Selected Bibliography at the end of this unit guide as well as the section entitled Resources for Study, which provides links to tomb reports and papers that are available online. However, the best way to start is by consulting the following:

1.   Porter and Moss (PM) Porter, B. and Moss, R.L.B., (1970-1981). Topographical Bibliography of Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic Texts, Reliefs and Paintings. 7 vols. Oxford, Clarendon Press.

• PM provides a detailed summary of the artefacts and wall scenes found in tombs from all time periods (from Abusir to Thebes), along with publication details. In the back pages of most of these volumes, you will find a list of subjects (e.g., agriculture’, ‘crafts’, ‘animals’, etc.) with page references. These will direct you to published tomb scenes that contain examples of these subjects. PM vol. 1 (part 2), vol. 2, vol. 3 (part 1), and vol. 3 (part 2, nos. 1, 2, and 3) are available in the Brunner collection of the Macquarie Library (Brunner PJ1097 .P6/1960)
• PM vol. 1 (part 2), vol. 2, vol. 3 (part 1), and vol. 3 (part 2) are available in the Reference section of the Macquarie Library (PJ1097 .P6/1960)
• Note that you can also purchase PM volumes I to 4 on CD from Yare Egyptology (www.yareegyptology.freeola.org/YE/faq.php). 

2.   Lexikon der Ägyptologie (LÄ) Helck, W. and Westendorff, W., 1972-, Lexikon der Ägyptologie, 7 vols., Wiesbaden.

• LÄ is a collection of short articles on every aspect of Egyptian history with a select bibliography for each topic. The volumes are structured in alphabetical order and many of the articles are in French and German, but a large portion is in English and is a great starting point for your research.

3.   Annual Egyptological Bibliography (AEB) The AEB provides annual citation details for books, journal papers, catalogues, and tomb reports published in the field of Egyptology.

• AEB vol. 1(1947)-48(1996) + suppl. 1947-84 are available in the Reference section of the Macquarie Library (DT43 .A56)
• AEB vol. 11(1957)-39(1985) + suppl. 1947-84 are available in the Brunner collection of the Macquarie Library (Brunner DT43 .A56)
• Note that you can also subscribe to the AEB online for 50 Euros (www.aebnet.nl/htm/subscription.htm). This will give you one year’s full access to a searchable online version of the AEB’s citations from 1947 onwards.

4.   Egyptological Bibliography  A CD is also available for consultation from the Reference desk in the Macquarie Library (DT60 .E3395). The CD is a compilation of bibliographical references from the AEB and Christine Beinlich’s Bibliographie Altägypten 1822 – 1946, providing an electronic archive of some 60,000 books and articles on Egypt and Egyptology. This item can only be accessed within the Library and can not be borrowed.

5.   Old Kingdom Scene-details Database

• (www.oxfordexpeditiontoegypt.com/database.html)
• Yvonne Harpur and her colleagues at Linacre College, Oxford University, have created an easy-to-use, searchable database of the features found in Old Kingdom tomb scenes. This invaluable resource lists which tombs contain particular features and also provides relevant publication details. Note that it only includes Old Kingdom scene details at this stage.

For comments on tomb scenes, as well as references to examples, see the books and articles listed in the Bibliographical Resources in the unit guide, especially those by Ćwiek, Harpur, Hartwig, Klebs, Vandier, and Montet.

Site Reports

The following lists just a few examples of the types of site reports (‘primary sources’) you should consult during your research:

• Australian Centre for Egyptology: See the extensive tomb report series by members of the ACE. Search for the title phrase ‘Australian Centre for Egyptology’ in the Library catalogue to obtain a full list of publications.
• Borchardt, L., 1905-1928. Das Re-Heiligtum des Königs Ne-Woser-Re. 3 vols.
• Borchardt, L., 1910. Das Grabdenkmal des Königs Sáḥu-re.
• Capart, J., 1907. Une Rue de Tombeaux à Saqqarah, 2 vols.
• Davies, N., 1915. The Tomb of Amenemhet (No. 82).
• Davies, N., 1926. The Tomb of Ḥuy, Viceroy of Nubia in the Reign of Tutankhamun (No. 40).
• Davies, N.G., 1920. The Tomb of Antefoḳer, Vizier of Sesostris I, and of his wife, Senet (No. 60).uell, P., 1938. Mastaba of Mereruka. 2 vols.
• Épron L. et al. 1939. Le Tombeau de Ti. Vol. 1
• Firth C.M. and Gunn, B., 1926. The Teti Pyramid Cemeteries, 2 vols.
• Hassan, S., 1932-1960. Excavations at Giza vols. 1-10.
• Junker, H., 1929-1955. Giza vols. 1-12.
• Labrousse, A., 2000. Les Complexes Funéraires d’Ouserkaf et de Néferthétepès.
• Labrousse, A., 2002. La Chaussée du Complexe Funéraire du Roi Ounas.
• Martin, G.T., 2001. The Tombs of three Memphite officials: Ramose, Khay and Pabes.
• Martin, G.T., 1987. Corpus of Reliefs of the New Kingdom from the Memphite Necropolis and Lower Egypt.
• Quibell J.E., 1907-1927. Excavations at Saqqara. 7 vols.
• Simpson, W.K., 1980. Mastabas of the Western Cemetery. Part 1.
• Verner, M., 1986. Abusir I: The Mastaba of Ptahshepses.
• Von Bissing, F.W., 1905-1928. Das Re-Heiligtum des Königs Ne-Woser-Re. 3 vols.
• Wild H., 1953-1966. Le Tombeau de Ti. 2 vols.

Structuring your Research Project

You can prepare your presentation using either overhead transparencies or PowerPoint (have your file ready on a CD or USB device). Visual tools are very helpful to make a point clear. Just make sure you provide a reference, including the plate number, for all the images you use in the presentation. When you prepare your presentation bear in mind the following points:

1.   First of all, you do not need to directly discuss every example you have collected. Please provide a good overview of the material that you have examined during your research and present your conclusions from such examination.

2.   Structure your presentation just like an essay with an introduction, body and conclusion. Begin by describing your topic and explaining how you went about doing your study. Then present your evidence in chronological order, pointing out the pertinent features in each scene and the way in which these either changed or stayed the same over time. Bothdescribe and analyse your chosen scene – try to determine what the artist was attempting to convey and the methods he used to create his image.

Your introduction should include:

• A basic outline of your topic
• The areas that you will include or exclude (perhaps due to lack of time
• Your time frame (restricting your study to a certain period such as the Old Kingdom and particularly the 4th to 6th Dynasties)
• To make it easy for the class, pick out 3 or 4 key issues which you will discuss and give us ‘sign posts’ on how you will present your argument. For example, ‘The first point I will discuss is’…. ‘The second point’ ….etc
• The body of your presentation should follow the structure outlined in your introduction and don’t forget to refer to those ‘sign posts’, for example, ‘The first topic for discussion is …’. This makes it SO much easier for the rest of the class, as we know exactly where we are in your overall presentation!
• Your conclusion should basically be a short summary of the material you have presented (try not to include any new material in this part of the presentation)

3.   Always use primary sources as evidence to back up your statements and show that you have looked at the relevant archaeological site reports. To emphasise your point, it is advisable to include images in your presentation. Just remember to label your images with appropriate information, such as the name of the tomb owner, the site, and the tomb date as well as the reference for the image with a page or plate number. Also have a look at what modern scholars have written about your topic, but don’t forget your own voice is equally important, as long as you can back it up with solid evidence! 

4.   Deliver your presentation in a manner with which you are comfortable. You can refer to short notes for each slide or you can read from a prepared text. Equally, you can also simply ‘speak to’ (ad lib) each slide if you wish. Regardless of which approach you take, you should try to convey your research findings as clearly as possible for your audience.

5.   Don’t forget you have to hand in a summary of your topic to the convenor on the day of your presentation, including references and a bibliography (all books, articles and websites you used in the preparation of your topic).