Unit convenor and teaching staff |
Unit convenor and teaching staff
Unit Convenor
Dr Roy Baker
Contact via email
W3A 509
For consultation times see iLearn
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Credit points |
Credit points
3
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Prerequisites |
Prerequisites
(18cp at 100 level or above) incliding LAW208 and (admission prior to 2014 to LLB or BAppFinLLB or BALLB or BA-MediaLLB or BA-PsychLLB or BBALLB or BComLLB or BCom-ProfAccgLLB or BEnvLLB or BITLLB or BIntStudLLB or BPsych(Hons)LLB or BScLLB or BSocScLLB)
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Corequisites |
Corequisites
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Co-badged status |
Co-badged status
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Unit description |
Unit description
This unit introduces public international law’s key principles, rules and concepts, examining how they shape contemporary international relations. It focuses on the role of the United Nations, international law as it governs treaties, the rights and responsibilities of states vis-à-vis each other, their own nationals and those of other states, the limits of state jurisdiction, state and diplomatic immunity, international dispute settlement, international use of force, international criminal law and the relationship between international law and Australia’s legal system. In covering these areas students explore how international law seeks to resolve real problems facing the international community.
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Information about important academic dates including deadlines for withdrawing from units are available at https://www.mq.edu.au/study/calendar-of-dates
On successful completion of this unit, you will be able to:
In order to pass this unit, internal students must:
A fail grade for one or more of the weekly assessed quizzes (Quizzes A to M), citation tests, problem question or final online assessment will not result in an automatic fail of the unit.
Name | Weighting | Hurdle | Due |
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Foundation Quizzes 1.1 to 1.4 | 0% | Yes | 11 pm, 26 March 2017 |
Tutorial participation | 0% | Yes | Various: see Schedule below |
Weekly quizzes (Quiz A to M) | 30% | No | Various: see Schedule below |
Citation tests | 4% | No | 11 pm, 26 April 2017 |
Problem question | 30% | No | 11 pm, 14 May 2017 |
Final online assessment | 36% | No | 12 noon, 13 June 2017 |
Due: 11 pm, 26 March 2017
Weighting: 0%
This is a hurdle assessment task (see assessment policy for more information on hurdle assessment tasks)
In order to pass this unit, students must satisfactorily complete Foundation Quizzes 1.1 to 1.4. Satisfactory completion of these quizzes is therefore a hurdle requirement of this unit. Satisfactory completion involves attaining 100% in each quiz on the student's last attempt. Students are allowed unlimited attempts at each quiz and quiz attempts are not timed.
The purpose of the quizzes is to ensure that students are conversant with how the unit will be run. They are also intended to clarify staff and student expectations, thus promoting effective learning.
Due: Various: see Schedule below
Weighting: 0%
This is a hurdle assessment task (see assessment policy for more information on hurdle assessment tasks)
In order to pass this unit, internal students must participate satisfactorily in tutorials. Satisfactory tutorial participation is therefore a hurdle requirement of this unit. Satisfactory participation involves:
Tutorial participation will not be deemed satisfactory simply because you always turned up to class. That said, you are unlikely to be able to demonstrate satisfactory tutorial participation unless you regularly attend. It is recommended that you aim to attend at least 10 out of the 13 tutorials, although attendance at fewer tutorials will not result in an automatic fail.
Notwithstanding the requirements relating to satisfactory participation, tutorials are meant to be non-threatening environments in which students can make mistakes and own up to any difficulties with the material being studied. A tutorial is a place to learn, not just to demonstrate what you have previously learned. While tutors may need to correct mistakes, every effort will be made to avoid causing any degree of embarrassment.
In particular, your tutorial participation will not be assessed as unsatisfactory simply on the basis that you:
provided that it is nevertheless evident that you adequately prepared for class, in that you made sufficient effort to try to understand the material. In short, tutors should be highly tolerant of failures to understand, highly intolerant of failures to try to understand.
Students will be notified as the session progresses if their participation is considered unsatisfactory and will be offered guidance on how to improve it.
Please see below under 'Policies and Procedures' in relation to what you should do if you miss a tutorial.
Due: Various: see Schedule below
Weighting: 30%
Twelve weekly assessable quizzes will be set. These will be identified as Quizzes A to M. (There is no Quiz I.) Each quiz will relate to the topic due to be studied at the tutorial following the quiz deadline. The quizzes will be conducted using iLearn and students must post their responses via iLearn. Students must submit their answers for each quiz by the deadline stipulated in the Schedule below. Generally the deadline falls at 11 pm on the Sunday prior to the tutorial at which the relevant topic will be discussed.
Subject to that 11 pm deadline, students will have 30 minutes from when they first open the quiz to submit all of their answers. At the end of 30 minutes the quiz is submitted automatically with whatever answers have been filled in so far. If you open the quiz after 10.30 pm on the day of the deadline then the quiz will nevertheless close at 11 pm, meaning that you will have less than 30 minutes to submit your answers.
Students stand to gain marks in relation to the first ten quizzes they attempt. Students will be deemed to have attempted a quiz once they have opened that quiz (ie once they have seen the questions). Students may attempt more than 10 quizzes in order to further their learning but they will not gain marks for the 11th or 12th quiz they attempt.
Each quiz will contain six questions as follows:
Please see below under 'Policies and Procedures' in relation to what you should do if you miss a quiz.
Due: 11 pm, 26 April 2017
Weighting: 4%
The unit comprises two citation modules (discussed further below under ‘Delivery and Resources’). Each module culminates in two questions testing your ability to correctly formulate citations. Each question is worth one mark. Missing one or both of the citation tests will not result in an automatic fail.
Due: 11 pm, 14 May 2017
Weighting: 30%
Date for release of question: 8 pm, Friday 28 April 2017 (during recess)
Deadline for student submission: 11 pm, Sunday 14 May 2017 (end of Week 9)
Target date for completion of marking: Week 13
Students will write a 2,000-word answer in relation to a hypothetical situation. Guidance on how to succeed in this exercise, along with the marking rubric, will be posted online at the time of the question’s release. The assignment will relate to issues covered in Topics 2 – 8 (inclusive).
Due: 12 noon, 13 June 2017
Weighting: 36%
Final Online Assessment (36%)
Date for release of exam question: 9 am, Tuesday 13 June 2017
Deadline for student submission: 12 noon, Tuesday 13 June 2017
There will be a final online assessment. This will involve advising in relation to one or more hypothetical fact scenarios, doing so under a strict time constraint. Details of the hypothetical scenario(s) and the assessment questions will be released online via iLearn at 9 am, 13 June. Students will be required to post their responses to iLearn (via Turnitin) three hours later (at noon). Guidance on how to succeed in this assessment, along with the marking rubric, will be posted online at least one week prior to the assessment’s release. The assessment may relate to issues covered in any part of the unit.
The examination will consist of one or more questions based on one or more real or hypothetical fact scenarios. The examination may also consist of a number of true/false, multiple choice or short answer questions. Further details on the final examination (including the type(s) of question), along with the marking rubric, will be posted online at least one week prior to the exam.
This unit consists of 13 topics, as set out on the iLearn website. Each topic is divided into sub-topics. Most sub-topics are accompanied by a short, recorded lecture. These will vary in length, with some as short as a few minutes. Lectures are available for download from iLearn (click on the ‘Echo 360’ logo on the right hand side of the screen). Lectures are intended to provide an overview of the topic, indicate its most important aspects and, hopefully, make the related readings more interesting and accessible.
Accompanying the lectures are lecture slides. These are available from iLearn in .pptx (Powerpoint) and .pdf format. The two are identical, so you need not download both versions. When listening to lectures, be sure to have the accompanying slides in front of you, since they will be referred to during lectures. Each slide has a number, which you will find in the bottom right hand corner. Note that the slides for all sub-topics are combined together in one file, which is downloadable from the top of each topic in iLearn.
The lectures should give you a broad overview of the subject, but it is vital that you then develop your understanding by completing the related readings. The prescribed textbook for this unit is:
References to 'Hall' on iLearn refer to the prescribed textbook. If you would like to buy a second textbook then you are particularly recommended the following, since it offers an affordable, concise and interesting survey of what we study (and more):
Readings for the unit are categorised as follows:
On occasion, assessable (and formative) quizzes may ask questions directly about the additional readings. It will be evident when they do so. All assignments assume knowledge of the essential readings and lecture content.
Each week's readings are listed in the Schedule of Readings available from iLearn. The pages of the essential readings relevant to each sub-topic are also listed on iLearn itself.
In addition to the secondary sources (book chapters, journal articles, etc) listed in the Schedule of Readings, you are expected to consult relevant primary legal sources (treaties, draft articles, cases, etc) as much as possible. It should be evident to you from the lectures and secondary sources which primary sources (and which parts of those primary sources) are most important. Sometimes you will need to consult primary sources in order to complete assignments. All relevant primary sources are available online and you are expected to have sufficient research skills to locate and download them. (We cover how to find and cite international law primary material in the two Citation Modules.) If you are having problems finding and citing international material even after completing the citation modules then the library website and staff are likely to be your best source of assistance, although your tutor may also be able to help.
Many of us find it difficult to concentrate when we read. If you find that there is a tendency for your mind to wander then there are various techniques for making the task more engaging and enjoyable. For instance:
All of the above should also encourage you to look for the big picture, rather than getting hung up on too much detail. But most importantly, they should help you to read actively and purposefully, which is the key to enjoyment of academic study.
Students are required to satisfactorily complete the Foundation Quizzes. Satisfactory completion means getting 100% in each quiz. You may attempt each quiz as many times as necessary and your attempts are not timed. Even though you have until the stipulated deadline to complete the Foundation Quizzes, you are strongly encouraged to do so prior to your tutorial in Week 1.
The questions are designed to ensure that we all understand how the unit should run. The questions are available under the 'Topic 1' tab on iLearn. You should submit your answers via iLearn.
Each sub-topic In Topics 2-13 has related to it certain online activities identified as numbered quizzes: Quiz 2.1, Quiz 2.2, etc. These quizzes are designed to test and enhance your understanding of the material, and to ensure that you are well prepared for attendance at the relevant tutorial. Participation in the formative quizzes is voluntary and is not assessed. Students are encouraged to tick the boxes on the right-hand side of the iLearn site in order to record when they have completed each formative quiz.
Unlike with the assessable, weekly quizzes (identified as Quiz A, B, C, etc: see above under Assessment Tasks), where you only have one go at answering each question, you may attempt formative quizzes as many times as you like. However, sometimes you will be unable to commence your second and subsequent attempts at a formative quiz until a certain number of minutes have elapsed after your last attempt. That is to encourage students to actively engage with the questions and not just guess the answers.
In addition to the 13 topics that make up this unit, you will find on iLearn two self-study Citation Modules. These are designed to train you in finding and then correctly citing important international sources. Citation Module A relates to UN documents, while Citation Module B relates to treaties. Completion of the citation modules is optional. However, you will be assessed on your ability to cite international sources in your answers to the problem question and the final online assessment. As with the formative quizzes, you are allowed an unlimited number of attempts at each exercise.
You are strongly advised to complete Citation Module A in between studying Topics 3 and 4, and to complete Citation Module B in between your study of Topics 4 and 5. (ILearn is structured in accordance with this sequence of learning.)
In order to encourage you to complete the citation modules in a timely manner, two citation tests have been set up. Students are permitted to attempt those tests even if they have not completed the citation modules, although they will find the tests far easier once they have done so. Each test will consist of two questions and each question will be worth one mark. Students only stand to gain marks from the citation tests if they complete the required citations with absolute accuracy. The smallest variation from the prescribed answer (eg entering two spaces instead of one, or incorrect capitalisation) will mean that the mark is forfeited. Unlike citation exercises, students are permitted only one attempt at the citation test questions. No half marks will be awarded.
When it comes to the assessable tasks (the weekly quizzes, citation tests, problem question and final exam), the normal rules relating to academic honesty apply. That means that your answers to those assignments should be your own individual work. Collaboration in relation to answering those assignments will constitute academic dishonesty.
The formative quizzes (including the citation exercises that make up the citation modules) are treated differently. I have no objection to students working collaboratively in relation to those tasks. Indeed, if you are finding the citation exercises difficult then you are positively encouraged to work on them in groups. That said, if you decide to collaborate in relation to formative quizzes or citation exercises then please do so actively. If you simply copy someone else's answers then you will be learning almost nothing.
In order to facilitate collaboration on formative quizzes and citation exercises, a specific discussion forum will be provided. Students are welcome to post to that forum if they are experiencing particular difficulties. When responding to another student’s request for help, please don’t just provide the answer. You need to exercise a basic skill of teaching, which is to let your fellow student work out the answer for themselves as much as possible. For instance, if there is a problem with a student’s punctuation in a citation then you might refer them to the relevant rule in the Australian Guide to Legal Citation. That way the student is required to find and read the rule and then apply it. That is far more beneficial to the student’s learning than simply saying something like ‘you need to place a full stop at the end’.
Having developed a basic understanding of each topic by completing the on-line activities, tutorials are your chance to discuss the issues raised, as well as ask questions in order to clear up any lingering doubts as to whether you understand the material correctly. Tutorials are meant to come towards the end of the learning process, not the beginning. Certainly they are no substitute for listening to the lectures or doing the readings, although if you are totally stumped by even a basic point then there is no shame in raising it in a tutorial.
There will be 13 weeks of tutorials during the Session, starting in Week 1. All internal students should register in a tutorial group. Places are available on a first-come, first-served basis. You should attend the tutorial in which you are registered. However, if it proves difficult to do so then you may occasionally attend another tutorial without asking permission.
Please try not to be late arriving at a tutorial. They will start promptly at five minutes after their advertised commencement time and should end at least five minutes before their advertised finishing time (in order to provide time for students and staff to move from one class to another).
Tutorials only succeed if students actively participate. Tutorials are not meant to be simple rehashes of the lecture. In order to participate you need to adequately prepare for each tutorial. This means listening to the lecture, completing the readings and online activities and thinking about the issues covered before you arrive.
Participation can take the form of answering the tutor’s questions, but you are also free to pose your own questions, either to the tutor or fellow students. You should also regularly contribute appropriately to discussions. This involves listening respectfully to what others say and responding courteously. We should all be trying to develop our own and each other’s learning, rather than scoring points off each other.
A general discussion forum will be set up on iLearn. Students are encouraged to contribute to these discussions, provided the general rules of etiquette are observed. The forum is intended for discussion relating to the issues we are studying. Please post questions relating to administrative matters to the forum called ‘Discussion Forum re Administrative Matters’, while posting questions relating to the formative quizzes and citation exercises to the forum headed 'Discussion Forum re Formative Quizzes and Citation Exercises'.
General notes:
This topic introduces the unit: its learning outcomes, its learning material and activities, and also its methods of assessment. Besides discussing administrative matters, the topic also considers the expectations of staff and students.
A primary purpose of international law is to govern the relationship between different sovereign states. We begin by examining the scope and history of this fascinating subject. Besides introducing some key institutions such as the United Nations, this topic also addresses the oft raised question: are international relations really under the rule of law, or is it more a matter of might equalling right?
All systems of law require a degree of certainty as to what rules govern any particular act or event. This topic considers how those rules are created and where they can be found. It also looks at some basic principles of international law which, though traceable back to classical times, are very much alive today.
Treaties form much of the substance of international law. But what are treaties, how are they formed and how do they impact on states that sign them as well as those that do not? This topic also considers the issue of reservations: mechanisms whereby states seek to modify or avoid certain effects of treaties.
Continuing our examination of the law as it relates to treaties, this topic looks at what is probably the most difficult issue of all: their interpretation. It also explores the various ways in which states might try to escape liability under a treaty, for instance by declaring it invalid, or by simply refusing to comply with it.
What is the relationship between national and international law? If Australia were to breach international law, what effect can that have on the rights and responsibilities of ordinary Australians? This topic answers those questions, also giving thought to the part played by international law in other legal systems, such as those found in civil law countries.
The concept of state sovereignty is central to international law. What is more, much is made of the right of certain peoples to self-determination. But what is a state? And what does it mean to have legal personality in international law? This topic considers issues such as what is involved when a state decides to recognise the existence of another state or government, as well as the increasing role of international organisations in international law.
To what extent can a state or an international organisation be blamed for the wrongdoings of its agents or officials? Are states responsible for the acts of their citizens or corporations? If foreign property is damaged in a riot or an insurrection, can the state be required to make restitution? This topic answers these and other questions relating to the responsibilities of states and international organisations in international law.
Diplomatic protection refers to the right of a state to intervene on behalf of its nationals when they face mistreatment by other states. In this topic we consider the standard of treatment that you should receive when you visit a foreign country, and the circumstances in which your country can intercede on your behalf if those standards are not met. We also look at a state’s ability to nationalise foreign-owned industries or other assets.
Jurisdiction refers to the scope of a state’s lawful authority. This topic considers issues such as the extent to which one state can make laws relating to events that occur in another, as well as what laws apply on a ship or onboard a plane. It also explains concepts such as sovereign, diplomatic and consular immunity.
Ultimately, states can settle their differences by going to war. Since 1945, however, concerted efforts have been made to find peaceful means of dispute resolution. This topic looks as institutions such as the International Court of Justice, as well as mechanisms designed to encourage negotiation and compromise.
Despite humanity’s efforts, the scourge of international armed conflict is yet to be eradicated. This topic examines the general prohibition on the use or threat of force, as well as exceptions to that rule in cases such as self defence or when military action is authorised by the United Nations. It also looks at situations that raise difficult legal and moral questions, such as the disputed right to anticipatory self defence, as well as military interventions against oppressive regimes or to prevent humanitarian disasters.
Traditionally, individuals were merely the objects of international law. The 20th century saw a growing concern for the protection of the individual under human rights conventions. The signs are that the 21st century will be the age of individual responsibility under international law, as the global community becomes increasingly reluctant to allow those who commit the most heinous of crimes to escape personal responsibility.
Macquarie University policies and procedures are accessible from Policy Central. Students should be aware of the following policies in particular with regard to Learning and Teaching:
Academic Honesty Policy http://mq.edu.au/policy/docs/academic_honesty/policy.html
Assessment Policy http://mq.edu.au/policy/docs/assessment/policy_2016.html
Grade Appeal Policy http://mq.edu.au/policy/docs/gradeappeal/policy.html
Complaint Management Procedure for Students and Members of the Public http://www.mq.edu.au/policy/docs/complaint_management/procedure.html
Disruption to Studies Policy (in effect until Dec 4th, 2017): http://www.mq.edu.au/policy/docs/disruption_studies/policy.html
Special Consideration Policy (in effect from Dec 4th, 2017): https://staff.mq.edu.au/work/strategy-planning-and-governance/university-policies-and-procedures/policies/special-consideration
In addition, a number of other policies can be found in the Learning and Teaching Category of Policy Central.
Macquarie University students have a responsibility to be familiar with the Student Code of Conduct: https://students.mq.edu.au/support/student_conduct/
Results shown in iLearn, or released directly by your Unit Convenor, are not confirmed as they are subject to final approval by the University. Once approved, final results will be sent to your student email address and will be made available in eStudent. For more information visit ask.mq.edu.au.
By far the best way to communicate with the convenor is via email: roy.baker@mq.edu.au
The convenor checks his emails regularly and you can expect a response within a few business days. If you do not hear within four business days then it is likely that your email has gone missing. Only then should you send another chasing it up.
When emailing, it is vital that you use your Macquarie email account ([student.name]@students.mq.edu.au). You can set up your Macquarie account so that emails received there are forwarded to your regular account.
Phoning the convenor is not a good idea unless the call is prearranged, since his phone is not regularly checked for messages.
If you wish to talk to the convenor or a tutor face-to-face then it is best to attend their consultation sessions (see iLearn for the day and time). If you wish to attend then you should notify the convenor or tutor (as appropriate) in advance. If you are unable to attend due to timetable clashes then you should email the convenor or tutor (as appropriate) to arrange a mutually convenient appointment.
In the absence of a successful application for special consideration due to a disruption to studies, any assessment task submitted after its published deadline will not be graded and will receive a mark of zero. Applications for special consideration are to be submitted electronically via ask.mq.edu.au and should be accompanied by supporting documentation. Students should refer to the Disruption to Studies policy for complete details of the policy and a description of the supporting documentation required.
Note below for information on what to do if you miss a summative quiz or a tutorial.
Word limits will be strictly applied and work above the word limit will not be marked. All assessments in the unit are to be submitted electronically. Plagiarism detection software is used in this unit.
In accordance with University policy, students who fail to meet the tutorial participation requirement, but are nevertheless assessed as having made a serious first attempt to do so, will be given one further opportunity. This further opportunity may take the form of one or more of the following: additional tutorials, a one-to-one oral examination with a tutor or the convenor, or additional written work. Students who are assessed as not having made a serious first attempt to meet the tutorial participation requirement will be given no second opportunity and will simply fail the unit.
Whether you are assessed as having made a serious first attempt to meet the tutorial participation requirement will depend on a number of factors, including:
What action you should take in the event of missing a class depends on your particular circumstances. If you have been attending regularly to date, and if you have participated actively in the classes you attend then you may not need to do anything if all you do is miss two or three classes. (As a general guideline for minimum attendance and participation, you should aim to attend at, and participate actively in, at least 10 out of 13 classes.)
If you find that you are regularly missing classes, or have concerns about your participation, then it would be sensible to discuss the matter with your tutor. Ultimately, you may need to consider withdrawing from the unit. Students who are in danger of failing the unit on account of unsatisfactory tutorial attendance will receive a written warning sometime around the middle of the session. If necessary, this will be followed up with subsequent warnings. Students who receive warnings are particularly encouraged to seek guidance from their tutor.
Ultimately, the situation is governed by the University's Disruption to Studies Policy. Even so, note that students are afforded 12 opportunities to complete just 10 quizzes. That means that if you miss one or two quizzes during the course of the session then you need not rush into taking action. That saves you the burden of needing to compile documentary evidence and applying online for special consideration in accordance with the Disruption to Studies Policy. You only need to do that if you miss more than two quizzes.
If your Disruption to Studies application is successful then you will be granted permission to complete a supplementary quiz in the event of your being unable to complete 10 out of the 12 standard quizzes. Questions for these supplementary quizzes will be released at the beginning of Week 13 and the deadline for these supplementary quizzes will fall at the end of Week 13.
If you do not qualify for special consideration then you will simply have to forego the marks for the missed quiz. If you miss more than two quizzes then that does not automatically result in a fail.
You are strongly recommended not to miss a quiz unless it is unavoidable to do so. By assiduously attempting all quizzes from the outset you will be able to keep two quizzes in reserve. Having quizzes in reserve may prove extremely helpful if you later miss a quiz due to circumstances that do not qualify for special consideration (eg you suffer a disruption of fewer than three days' duration or you simply forget a quiz deadline). By holding two quizzes in reserve, you would still have an opportunity to achieve full marks in the quiz component of the unit.
Detailed marking rubrics will be made available on iLearn. Markers in this unit undertake a process of 'blind marking' to establish a common marking standard and all Fail papers are double marked.
Macquarie University provides a range of support services for students. For details, visit http://students.mq.edu.au/support/
Learning Skills (mq.edu.au/learningskills) provides academic writing resources and study strategies to improve your marks and take control of your study.
Students with a disability are encouraged to contact the Disability Service who can provide appropriate help with any issues that arise during their studies.
For all student enquiries, visit Student Connect at ask.mq.edu.au
For help with University computer systems and technology, visit http://www.mq.edu.au/about_us/offices_and_units/information_technology/help/.
When using the University's IT, you must adhere to the Acceptable Use of IT Resources Policy. The policy applies to all who connect to the MQ network including students.
We want our graduates to have emotional intelligence and sound interpersonal skills and to demonstrate discernment and common sense in their professional and personal judgement. They will exercise initiative as needed. They will be capable of risk assessment, and be able to handle ambiguity and complexity, enabling them to be adaptable in diverse and changing environments.
This graduate capability is supported by:
Our graduates will take with them the intellectual development, depth and breadth of knowledge, scholarly understanding, and specific subject content in their chosen fields to make them competent and confident in their subject or profession. They will be able to demonstrate, where relevant, professional technical competence and meet professional standards. They will be able to articulate the structure of knowledge of their discipline, be able to adapt discipline-specific knowledge to novel situations, and be able to contribute from their discipline to inter-disciplinary solutions to problems.
This graduate capability is supported by:
Our graduates should be capable of researching; of analysing, and interpreting and assessing data and information in various forms; of drawing connections across fields of knowledge; and they should be able to relate their knowledge to complex situations at work or in the world, in order to diagnose and solve problems. We want them to have the confidence to take the initiative in doing so, within an awareness of their own limitations.
This graduate capability is supported by:
We want to develop in our students the ability to communicate and convey their views in forms effective with different audiences. We want our graduates to take with them the capability to read, listen, question, gather and evaluate information resources in a variety of formats, assess, write clearly, speak effectively, and to use visual communication and communication technologies as appropriate.
This graduate capability is supported by:
The following changes have been made since the last offering in Session 2, 2016: