This unit is delivered as a block mode. There will be a pre-recorded lecture for each weekly topic and face to face instructions during intensive sessions on campus for two days in April 2020. 

Further information about the course will be available on the unit iLearn page from the start of the semester.  

All assessments are to be submitted online using the Turnitin links provided on the unit iLearn page.

REQUIRED TEXT

The required text for this course is the IISD and UNEP, Environment and Trade: A Handbook - Second Edition. It is available online at <http://www.iisd.org/publications/pub.aspx?pno=754>

 

SUPPLEMENTARY TEXT

Shawkat Alam, Sustainable Development and Free Trade (Routledge,2008). Call number HF1713 .A436 2008, Macquarie Library 

Unit Schedule

This unit will cover the following topics:

TOPIC 1: INTRODUCTION, HISTORICAL AND INSTITUTIONAL CONTEXT

TOPIC 2: ESTABLISHING THE LINKAGES: THE TRADE AND ENVIRONMENT INTERFACE

TOPIC 3: INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE: ORIGINS AND PRINCIPLES, MULTILATERAL ENVIRONMENTAL AGREEMENTS WITH TRADE PROVISIONS

TOPIC 4: GATT/WTO APPROACHES TO TRADE, THE ENVIRONMENT AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

TOPIC 5: PROCESS AND PRODUCTION METHODS, ECO-LABELING, ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

TOPIC 6: THE GATT/WTO DISPUTE SETTLEMENT MECHANISM AND THE ENVIRONMENT

TOPIC 7: ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES IN WTO AGREEMENTS

TOPIC 8: THE GENERAL AGREEMENT ON SERVICES (GATS) and WTO AGREEMENT ON TRADE-RELATED ASPECTS OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS (TRIPS)

TOPIC 9: TRADE-ENVIRONMENTAL LINKAGES IN MULTILATERAL ENVIRONMENTAL AGREEMENTS

TOPIC 10: REGIONAL AND BILATERAL TRADE AGREEMENTS

TOPIC 11: CROSS-CUTTING ISSUES

TOPIC 12: TRADE, ENVIRONMENT AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: THE WAY(S) FORWARD

 

 

 

TOPIC 1: INTRODUCTION, HISTORICAL AND INSTITUTIONAL CONTEXT

 

REQUIRED READING:

 

Chapter One – Handbook

 

RECOMMENDED READINGS:

 

CHAPTER TWO: SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND FREE TRADE.

 

Cameron, J, ‘The Precautionary Principle’ in GP Sampson and B Chambers (eds)

Trade, Environment and the Millennium, The United Nations University, Tokyo,

1999.

 

Duncan, French ‘Developing States and International Environmental Law: The Importance   of   Differentiated   Responsibility’,   (2000)   49   International   and Comparative Law Quarterly 35.

 

Hunter, D, Salzman, J and Zaelke, D, 'Principles and Concepts in International Environmental  Law', in International Environmental Law and Policy (Foundation Press, 1998) 319-26, in Donna Craig, Koh Kheng-Lian and Nicholas Robinson, Capacity Building  for Environmental Law in the Asian and Pacific Region: Approaches and Resources – Volume I (Asian Development

Bank, 2002) 127.

 

Maggio, Gregory, ‘Inter/intra-generational Equity: Current Applications under International   Law  for  Promoting  the  Sustainable  Development  of  Natural Resources’ (1997) 4 Buffalo Environmental Law Journal 161.

 

OECD Work Programme on Trade and Environment, Environmental Principles and Concepts, OECD Doc: OCDE/GD(95)124 (Paris, 1995).

 

Singh, Nagendra, “Right to Environment and Sustainable       Development As a principle of International Law”, (1987) 7:3 Journal of  the Indian Law Institute,

289.

 

Stevens, Candice,  ‘Interpreting  the  Polluter  Pays  Principle  in  the  Trade  and

Environment Context’ (1994) 27:3 Cornell International Law Journal 577.

 

Stevens, Candice   ‘The   OECD   Guiding   Principle   Revisited’   (1993)   23:2

Environmental Law 607

 

World Commission  on  Environment  and  Development  (WCED),  “From  One Earth to One World — An Overview by the World Commission on Environment and Development,” in  WCED, Our Common Future, 1987, pp1-23, in Donna Craig  ,   Koh   Kheng-Lian  and   Nicholas   Robinson,   Capacity  Building   for Environmental Law in the Asian and Pacific Region: Approaches and Resources

– Volume I. Asian Development Bank, (2002), 90.

 

TOPIC 2: ESTABLISHING THE LINKAGE: THE TRADE AND ENVIRONMENT INTERFACE

 

REQUIRED READING:

 

Chapter Four: Handbook

 

RECOMMENDED READINGS:

CHAPTER ONE: SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND FREE TRADE

 

Alam, Shawkat and Islam, M Rafiqul, ‘The Trade-Environment Interface: Issues Lurking  Behind  the  North  South  Tensions’  (2005)  2  Macquarie  Journal  of International and Comparative Environmental Law 121.

Brundtland, G (et  al),  Our Common Future, WCED, Oxford University Press,

London, 1987, at 4.

 

Bhagwati, Jagdish, ‘On Thinking Clearly about the Linkage between Trade and the Environment’ (2000) 5:4 Environment and Development Economics 485.

 

Copeland, Brian R and Taylor, M Scott, Trade and the Environment: Theory and

Evidence, Princetone University Press, 2003, Chapter 1.

 

Cox, J. Robert, ‘Golden Tropes and Democratic Betrayals: Prospects for the Environment and Environmental Justice in Neoliberal ‘Free Trade’ Agreements’ in Sandler, R and Pezzulo, P.C. (eds) Environmental Justice and Environmentalism, MIT Press, 2007, Chapter 8.

 

Gandhi, Samir R, “Regulating the Use of Voluntary Environmental Standards within  the   World  Trade  Organization  , Legal  Regime:  Making  a  Case  for Developing Countries”, (2005) 39(5) Journal of World Trade 855.

 

George, Clive and Kirkpatrick, Colin, “Trade and Development: Assessing the Impact of Trade Liberalisation on Sustainable Development”, (2004) 38:3 Journal of World Trade 441.

 

McCormack, Rachel, 'A Qualitative Analysis of the WTO's Role on Trade and Environment Issues' (2006) 6(1) Global Environmental Politics 102.

 

Nath, Kamal, ‘Trade, Environment and Sustainable Development’ in V Jha, G Hewison        and      M        Underhill         (eds),   Trade,                  Environment               and       Sustainable Development: A South Asian Perspective, Macmillan, London, 1997.

 

Shahin, M  ‘Developing  Country  Perspective’,  in  D  Brack,  (ed),  Trade  and Environment:        Conflict            or        Compatibility?                          Earthscan/Royal                            Institute                 of International Affairs, London, 1998.

 

Shue, Henry, “Global Environment and International Inequality”, (1999) 75:3

International Affairs 531.

 

Sneddon, C, Howarth, R and Norgaard, R ‘Sustainable development in a post- Brundtland world’ (2006) 57:2 Ecological Economics 253.

 

van  Bergeijk,  PAG,  ‘International  Trade  and  the  Environmental  Challenge’, (1991) 25: 6 Journal of World Trade 105.

 

 

TOPIC 3: INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE: ORIGINS AND PRINCIPLES

 

REQUIRED READINGS:

 

Chapter  2.1-2.2 – Handbook

 

RECOMMENDED READINGS:

 

CHAPTER TWO: SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND FREE TRADE.

 

Andonova, L B, ''From Rio to Rio and Beyond: Innovation in Global Environmental Governance' (2012) 21(1) Journal of Environment & Development 57.

 

Birnie P,  ‘Environmental  Protection  and  Development’  (1995)  20  Melbourne

University Law Review 66.

 

Campiglio, Luigi, The Environment after Rio: International Law and Economics, M Nijhoff, London, 1994.

 

Doran, Peter, ‘The UN Commission on Sustainable Development’ (1996) 5:1

Environmental Politics 100.

 

Elliot, Lorraine, The Global Politics of the Environment, Macmillan Press Ltd, London, 1998.

 

Hunter, David, “International Institutions and Non-State Actors”, in International

Environmental Law and Policy. New York: Foundation Press, (1998), 386.

 

Imber, Mark, “The Environment and the United Nations”, in John Vogler, Mark F Imber, The  Environment and International Relations: Theories and Processes. Routledge, (1995), 12.

 

International Committee on International Law on Sustainable Development,

‘International Law on Sustainable Development’ International Law Association Conference Reports, 2004, 2006 and 2008 available: < http://www.ila- hq.org/en/committees/index.cfm/cid/1017>.

 

Ivanova, Maria, ‘Designing the United Nations Environment Programme: a story of compromise and confrontation’ (2007) 7:4 International Environmental Agreements 337.

 

Khosla, Ashok, ‘The Road from Rio to Johannesburg’. The Fifth Millennium

Paper, UNED Forum, 30 April 2001.

 

Mensah, Chris K, “The Role of Developing Countries”, The Environment After

Rio. Library call number GE170.E57/94.

 

Momtaz, Djamchid, “The United Nations and the Protection of the Environment:

from Stockholm to Rio de Janeiro”, (1996) Vol15, No 3/4 Political Geography

261

Pallamaerts, M, ‘International Environmental Law from Stockholm to Rio: Back to   the   future?’   in   P   Sands   (ed)   Greening   International   Law,   Earthscan Publications, London, 1993.

 

Prudencio, Rodrigo J, ‘Why UNCED Failed on Trade and Environment’ (1993)

2:2 Journal of Environment and Development 104.

 

Thacher, PS ‘Multilateral Cooperation and Global Change’ (1991) 44:2 Journal of

International Affairs 433.

 

TOPIC 4: GATT/WTO APPROACHES TO TRADE, THE ENVIRONMENT AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

 

REQUIRED READINGS:

 

Chapter 3 – Handbook

 

RECOMMENDED READINGS:

 

CHAPTER THREE: SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND FREE TRADE

 

Alam, Shawkat, “Trade, the Environment, and the World Trade Organisation: A Developing  Country  Perspective  on  WTO  Agreements  Concerning  Standards, Regulations, and Non-Tariff Barriers to Trade”, (2006) 3 The New Zealand Year Book of International Law 1.

 

Anderson, K and Drake-Brockman, J, ‘The World Trade Organization and the Environment’  in Boer Fowler and Gunningham (eds), Environmental Outlook: Law and Policy, No 2, Federation Press, Sydney, 1996.

 

Clarke,  Charles   Arden,   ‘The   General   Agreement   on   Tariffs   and   Trade, Environmental  Protection  and  Sustainable  Development’  A  WWF  Discussion Paper, June 1991.

 

Charnovitz,  Steve,  ‘The  WTO’s  Environmental  Progress’  (2007)  Journal  of

International Economic Law 1.

 

Elizalde, Carranza, Miguel A, 'MEAs with Trade Measures and the WTO: Aiming Toward Sustainable Development?' (2007) 15(1) Buffalo Environmental Law Journal 43.

 

Mayeda, Graham, “Developing Disharmony? The SPS and the TBT Agreements and the Impact of Harmonising on Developing Countries”, (2004) 7:4 Journal of International Economic Law 737.

 

Pavoni, Riaccrdo, 'Mutual Supportiveness as a Principle of Interpretation and Law-Making: A Watershed for the WTO-and-Competing-Regimes Debate?' (2010) 21(3) European Journal of International Law 649.

 

Rege, Vinod, ‘GATT Law and Environment-Related Issues Affecting the Trade of

Developing Countries’ (1994) 28:3 Journal of World Trade 95.

 

Sands, P 'International Trade and Competition' in Sands, P Principles of International Environmental Law (Cambridge University Press, 2012) 799-868.

 

Shahin, Maghda,  From  Marrakesh  to  Singapore:  The  WTO  and  Developing

Countries, Third World Network Penang, Malaysia, 1996.

 

Snape  III,   William   J   and   Lefkovitz,   Naomi   B,   ‘Searching   for   GATT’s

Environmental Miranda: Are Process Standards Getting Due Process?’ (1994) 27

Cornell International Law Journal 777.

 

South Centre, The Uruguay Round and the South: A Critical Analysis, South

Centre, Geneva, 1995.

 

Thomas, Chantal, “Trade Related Labour and Environment Agreements”, (2002)

5:4 Journal of International Economics Law 791.

 

Ward, Halina, “Trade and Environment in the Round - And After”, (1994) 6:2

Journal of Environmental Law 263.

 

Zhang, Zhong Xiang, 'Multilateral Trade Measures in a Post-2012 Climate Change Regime? What can be Taken from the Montreal Protocol and the WTO?' (2012) 37(12) Energy Policy 5105.

 

TOPIC 5: PROCESS AND PRODUCTION METHODS, ECO- LABELLING, ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

 

REQUIRED READING:

 

Chapter 5: 5.1-5.5 – Handbook

 

RECOMMENDED READINGS:

 

Atsuko  Okubo,   “Environmental   Labelling   Programs   and   the   GATT/WTO Regime’ (1999) 11 Georgetown International Environmental Law Review 599.

 

Bonneuil, C, 'How Does the World Trade Organisation Know? The Mobilization and Staging of Scientific Expertise in the GMO Trade Dispute' (2012) 42(1) Social Studies of Science 75.

 

Charnovitz, Steve,  ‘Solving  the  Production  and  Processing  Methods  (PPMs) Puzzle’ in Kevin Gallagher and Jacob Werksman (eds), International Trade and Sustainable Development, London, Earthscan Publications, 2002.

 

Charnovitz, Steve, 2002. “The Law of Environmental “PPMs” in the WTO: Debunking the Myth of Illegality.” Yale Journal of International Law, Vol. 27 (1): 59-110.

 

Cosbey, Aaron, 2001. “The WTO and PPMs: Time to Drop a Taboo.” Bridges

(ICTSD). Vol. 5 (1–3). <http://www.iisd.org/pdf/trade_bridges_1.pdf>.

 

Cosbey, Aaron, 2004. Lessons Learned on Trade and Sustainable Development: Distilling Six Years of Research from the Trade Knowledge Network, Chapter 3. Winnipeg: IISD. <http://www.tradeknowledgenetwork.net/publication.aspx? id=631>.

 

Daughberg, Carsten and Botterill, Linda 'Ethical Food Standard Schemes and Global Trade: Paralleling the WTO?' (2012) 31(4) Policy and Society 307.

 

Frieder Roessler,  ‘Environmental  Protection  and  the  Global  Trade  Order’  in Richard  Revesz et al (eds), Environmental Law, the Economy and Sustainable Development, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2000.

 

Jia, H, 'Entangled Relationship betwenn Article 2.1 of the TBT Agreement and Certain Other WTO Provisions' (2013) 12(4) Chinese Journal of International Law

Joshi,  Manoj,  'Are  Eco-labels  consistent  with  World  Trade  Organisation

Agreements?' (2004) 38:1 Journal of World Trade 69.

 

Khatun, F, ' Trade in Environmental Goods by Least Developed Countries: Issues for Negotiators' (2012) 13(2) South Asia Economic Journal 157.

 

Mann, Howard and Stephen Porter, 2003. The State of Trade and Environment Law 2003: Implications for Doha and Beyond, Chapter 5. Winnipeg: IISD. <http://www.iisd.org/publications/publication.asp? pno=570>.

 

Mulatu, Abay, Raymond J.G.M. Florax and Cees A.A.M. Withagen, 2001. “Environmental Regulation and Competitiveness.” Tinbergen Institute Discussion Paper. Amsterdam: Tinbergen Institute.

<http://www.tinbergen.nl/discussionpapers/01039.pdf>.

 

OECD, 1997. Process and Production Methods: Conceptual Framework and Considerations on Use of PPM-based Trade Measures (OCDE/GD(97)137). Paris: OECD. <http://www.olis.oecd.org/olis/1997doc.nsf/linkto/

ocde-gd(97)137>.

 

Porter, Michael E. and Claas van der Linde, 2000. “Towards a New Conception of the Environment-Competitiveness Relationship.” In Stavins, Robert N. (ed.). Economics of the Environment: Selected Readings. Fourth Edition. New York: Norton Press.

 

Rotherham, Tom, 2003. “Implementing Environmental, Health and Safety (EH&S) Standards, and Technical Regulations: The Developing Country Experience.” Trade Knowledge Network research paper. Winnipeg; IISD.

<http://www.tradeknowledgenetwork.net/publication.aspx?id=531>.

 

Tickner, Joel (ed.), 2002. Precaution, Environmental Science, and Preventive

Public Policy. Washington, D.C.: Island Press.

 

UNEP (ed.), 2002. Precaution from Rio to Johannesburg: Proceedings of a Geneva Environment Network Roundtable. (see esp. Gabrielle Marceau: “The Precautionary Principle under WTO Law”). Geneva: UNEP.

<http://www.environmenthouse.ch/Roundtables/pp%20report/pp%

20report%20e.pdf>.

 

UNEP, 2005. The Trade and Environmental Effects of Ecolabels: Assessment and Response. Paris: UNEP. <http://www.unep.ch/etb/publications/ Ecolabelpap141005f.pdf>.

 

Zarsky, Lyuba, 1997. “Stuck in the Mud? Nation States, Glboalization and the Environment,” Globalization and Economics Study, OECD Economics Division. <http://www.nautilus.org/archives/papers/enviro/zarsky_ mud.html>

 

Precautionary Principle Project. (Joint project of IUCN, Traffic, Fauna and

Flora International, Resource Africa.) <http://www.pprinciple.net>.

 

Trade Knowledge Network country studies on standards and market access. http://www.tradeknowledgenetwork.net/research/standards.asp

 

 

TOPIC 6: THE GATT/WTO DISPUTE SETTLEMENT MECHANISM AND THE ENVIRONMENT

 

REQUIRED READING:

 

3.8 - Handbook

 

CHAPTER THREE: SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND FREE TRADE

 

RECOMMENDED READINGS:

 

Archibald, Catherine Jean ‘Forbidden by the WTO - Discrimination against a Product When Its Creation Causes Harm to the Environment or Animal Welfare’ (2008) 48 Natural Resources Journal 15.

 

Bernasconi-Osterwalder, Nathalie et al, Environment and Trade: A Guide to WTO Jurisprudence, The Centre for International Environmental Law, 2006.

 

Black, DJ ‘International Trade v Environmental Protection: The Case of the US Embargo  on  Mexican  Tuna’,  (1992)  24:1  Law  and  Policy  in  International Business 123.

 

Kingsbury,  Benedict,   “The   Tuna-Dolphin   Controversy,   The   World   Trade Organisation,  and the Liberal Project to Reconceptualise International Law”, (1994) Vol 5. Yearbook of International Environmental Law 1

 

Klabbers, Jan, “Jurisprudence in International Trade Law – Article XX of GATT”, (1992) 26:2 Journal of World Trade 63.

 

Knox, John H, “The Judicial Resolution of Conflicts between Trade and the

Environment”, (2004) 28 Harvard Environmental Law Review 1.

 

Petersmann  EU,  ‘International  Trade  and  International  Environmental  Law  – Prevention  and  Settlement of International Environmental Disputes in GATT’ (1993) 27:1 Journal of World Trade 43.

 

Tanaka,  Maki,  “Bridging  the  Gap  between  Northern  NGOs  and  Southern Sovereigns in the Trade-Environment Debate: The Pursuit of Democratic Dispute Settlements  in  the  WTO  under  the  Rio  Principles”,  (2003)  30  Ecology  Law Quarterly 113.

 

Wofford, Carrie,  “A  Greener  Future  at  the  WTO:  The  Refinement  of  WTO Jurisprudence  on  Environmental  Exceptions  to  GATT”,  (2000)  24  Harvard Environmental Law Review 563.

 

Australia - Measures Affecting the Importation of Apples from New Zealand, Report from the Panel, WT/DS367/R (9 August 2010).

 

Brazil - Measures Affecting Imports of Retreaded Tyres, WT/DS332/R, (12 June 2007).

 

EC - Measures Affecting the Approval and Marketing of Biotech Products, Report of the Panel, WTO Doc WT/DS291/R (29 September 2006).

 

United States - Restrictions on Imports of Tuna: Report of the Panel, GATT BISD

39th Supp 155 (1993).

 

United States – Restrictions on Imports of Tuna (II): Report of the Panel, GATT Doc. DS29/R (May 20, 1994), 33 ILM 839 (1994).

 

United States – Prohibition of Shrimps and Certain Shrimp Products, WTO Doc. WT/DS58/AB/R (98-000) (12 October 1998).

 

United States – Standards for Reformulated and Conventional Gasoline, WTO Doc. WT/DSS/AB/R (20 May 1996), 35 ILM 603 (1996).

 

 

 

TOPIC 7: ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES IN WTO AGREEMENTS

 

REQUIRED READING:

 

Chapter 3.5.2 and 3.5.3 – Handbook

 

CHAPTER THREE: SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND FREE TRADE

 

RECOMMENDED READINGS:

 

Burnett, Kim and Murphy, Sophie, 'What Place for International Trade in Food Sovereignty?' (2014) Journal of Peasant Studies 1.

 

Laxman, Lekha, 'GMOs, Safety Concerns and International Trade: Developing Countries' Perspective' (2011) 10(3) Journal of International Law & Policy 281.

 

UNEP, 2005. Handbook on Integrated Assessment of Trade Related Measures: The Agriculture Sector. Geneva: UNEP. <http://www.unep.ch/etu/etp/ TradeLiberRiceStu/HanBookAgriSector.pdf>.

 

UNEP, 2005. Integrated Assessment of the Impact of Trade Liberalization on the Rice Sector: UNEP Country Projects Round III (A Synthesis Report). Geneva: UNEP. <http://www.unep.ch/etb/publications/intAssessment/

RapSynRice.pdf>.

 

Vitalis, Vangelis, 2004. “Trade, Agriculture, The Environment And

Development: Reaping The Benefits Of Win-Win-Win?” IIED/ICTSD.

<http://www.ictsd.org/dlogue/2004-07-14/Vangelis.pdf>.

 

Werth, Alex, 2003. “Agri-Environment and Rural Development in the Doha

Round.” Trade Knowledge Network Research paper. Winnipeg: IISD.

<http://www.tradeknowledgenetwork.net/pdf/tkn_ruraldev_doha.pdf>.

 

Wise, Timothy, 2005. “Understanding the Farm Problem: Six Common Errors in Presenting Farm Statistics.” Global Development and Environment Institute Working Paper No. 05-02. Medford, MA: Tufts University.

<http://www.ase.tufts.edu/gdae/Pubs/wp/05-02TWiseFarmStatistics.pdf>.

 

 

 

TOPIC 8: GENERAL AGREEMENT ON SERVICES (GATS) and WTO AGREEMENT ON TRADE RELATED ASPECTS OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS (TRIPS)

 

REQUIRED READINGS:

 

5.10 - HANDBOOK

5.6 –5.6.2-  HANDBOOK

 

CHAPTER THREE: SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND FREE TRADE

 

CHAPTER 7 and CHAPTER 9 OF Shawkat Alam et al.,  Globalisation and the Quest for Social and Environmental Justice : The Relevance of International Law in an Evolving World Order.

 

RECOMMENDED READINGS:

 

Alam, Shawkat, Mukhophadhaya, Pundarik    and Randle,  David, 'The  WTO Agreement on  Trade in Services, Water Services, and Human Rights from the Perspective  of  Developing  Countries'  (2011)  58(1)  Netherlands  International Law Review, 43-75.

 

Bendell, Jem and Font, Xavier, 'Which Tourism Rules?: Green Standards and GATS' (2004) 31(1) Annels of Tourism Research 139.

 

Carrizosa, Santiago, Stephen B Brush, Brian D Wright, and Patrick E McGuire (eds)  2004.  Accessing  Biodiversity  and  Sharing  the  Benefits:  Lessons  from Implementation  of  the   Convention  on  Biological  Diversity.  IUCN,  Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. xiv, 316 pp.

 

Cottier,  Thomas,  and  Panizzon,  Marion,  “Legal  Perspectives  on  Traditional Knowledge: The Case for Intellectual Property Protection”. (2004) 7:2 Journal of International Economic Law, 371.

 

Di  Chiro,  Giovanna,  ‘Indigenous  People  and  Biocolonialism:  Defining  the “Science of Environmental Justice” in the Century of the Gene’ in Sandler, R and Pezzulo, P.C. (eds)  Environmental Justice and Environmentalism, MIT Press,

2007, Chapter 9.

 

Hoekman, Bernard, The WTO and Trade in Services (Edward Elgar Publishing, 2012).

 

Lakshmikumaran, Malathi & Phillips, Prashant, “Patenting of Biotechnological Innovations”,  (2005)  7:2  Asian  Biotechnology  and  Development  Review  25, available < http://www.aseanbiotechnology.info/Abstract/21021802.pdf>.

 

Manly,  Rhys,  ‘Developmental  Perspectives  on  the  TRIPs  and  Traditional Knowledge Debate’ (2006) 3 Macquarie Journal of International & Comparative Environmental Law 113.

 

Primo Braga, Carlos A & Fink Carsten, “Reforming Intellectual Property Rights Regimes:   Challenges   for   Developing   Countries”,   (1998)   1:4   Journal   of International Economic Law 537.

 

Ruiz, Manuel, “The International Debate on Traditional Knowledge as Prior Art in the Patent System: Issues and Options for Developing Countries”. Centre for International Environmental Law (CIEL), (2002).

 

Scott, James, Harman, Sophie, 'Beyond TRIPS: Why the WTO's Doha Round is Unhealthy' (2013) 34(8) Third World Quarterly 1361.

 

Sharmin Jahan Tania and Shawkat Alam 'Liberalisation of Sewerage and Waste Management Services           and      the       GATS:                        Implications      and   Challenges                     for Developing Countries' (2011) 12(4) Journal of World Investment & Trade, pp

519-550.

 

Su, E ‘The Winners and the Losers: The Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of

Intellectual Property Rights and its Effects on Developing Countries’ (Fall 2000)

23 Houston Journal of International Law 169.

 

TOPIC 9: TRADE-ENVIRONMENTAL LINKAGE IN MULTILATERAL ENVIRONMENTAL AGREEMENTS

 

 

REQUIRED READING:

CHAPTER 2 – HANDBOOK

 

 

RECOMMENDED READING:

 

CHAPTER EIGHT: SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND FREE TRADE

 

Barrett, Scott, “The Credibility of Trade Sanctions in International Environmental Agreements”,         in         Fredricksson,  G         (ed),     Trade,                         Global                     Policy,       and        the Environment. World Bank Discussion Paper No 402, World Bank, Washington DC, (1999), 161.

 

Beckman  R,  “The  Basel  Convention,”  Summary  of  Outline  presented  at IUCN/APCEL/UNEP  Training  the  Trainers  Course  on  Capacity  Building  for Environmental Legal Education, Singapore, 1997, in Donna Craig, Koh Kheng-

Lian and Nicholas Robinson, Capacity Building for Environmental Law in the Asian  and   Pacific  Region:  Approaches  and  Resources  –  Volume  I.  Asian Development Bank, (2002), 451-455.

 

Carlarne, C, ‘’The Kyoto Protocol and the WTO: Reconciling Tensions Between Free Trade and Environmental Objectives’ (2005-2006) 17 Colorado Journal of International Environmental Law & Policy 45.

 

Cusack, M, ‘International Law and the Transboundary Shipment of Hazardous

Waste to the Third World: Will the Basel Convention Make a Difference? (1990)

5 American University Journal of International & Policy, 393, 420-422.

 

Hobbs, A. L. Hobbs, J. E. Kerr, W. A. ‘The  Biosafety Protocol Multilateral

Agreement on Protecting the Environment or Protectionist Club?’ (2005) 39:2

Journal of World Trade 281

 

Kobayashi M, “The Enforcement of CITES,” in Nomura Y and Sakumoto N (eds), Environmental Law and Policy in Asia: Issues of Enforcement, Institute of Developing  Economies,  Japan,  1997,  in  Donna  Craig,  Koh  Kheng-Lian  and Nicholas Robinson, Capacity Building for Environmental Law in the Asian and Pacific  Region:  Approaches  and  Resources  –  Volume  I.  Asian  Development Bank, (2002), 519.

 

Lin, Sun  and  Bullen,  Sally,  “Trade  Provisions  in  Multilateral  Environmental Agreements”.           Kurukulasuriya,          Lal       (ed),     UNEP’s                          New                       Way  Forward: Environmental Law and Sustainable Development. UNEP, (1995) p. 35.

 

Neff, Robyn A. ‘The Cartagena Protocol and the WTO: Will the EU Biotech Products Case Leave Room for the Protocol’ (2004-2005) 16 Fordham Envtl. L. Rev. 261.

 

OECD, Trade Measures in Multilateral Environmental Agreements: Synthesis Report of Three Case Studies’ COM/ENV/TD (98)127/FINAL, OECD, 1999. Website <http://appli1.oecd.org/olis/1998doc.nsf/LinkTo/com-env- td%2898%29127-final>.

 

OECD, ‘Experience with The Use of Trade Measures In The Convention On International  Trade In Endangered Species of Wild Fauna And Flora (CITES)’ OCDE/GD (97) 106, OECD 1997.

Website <http://www.olis.oecd.org/olis/1997doc.nsf/linkto/ocde- gd%2897%29106>

 

OECD,   ‘Trade   Measures   in    the   Basel    Convention   on            the Control        of Transboundary       Movements                 of                        Hazardous               Wastes   and       their               Disposal’, COM/ENV/TD                                                                       (97)41/FINAL.                                                          Website

<http://appli1.oecd.org/olis/1997doc.nsf/LINKTO/com-env-td%2897%2941- FINAL>.

 

Osakwe, Chiedu ‘Finding New Packages of Acceptable Combinations of Trade and  Positive  Measures  to  Improve  the  Effectiveness  of  MEAs:  A  General Framework’  in  Agata  Fijalkowski  and  James  Cameron  (eds)  Trade  and  the Environment: Bridging the Gap, Cameron May Ltd, 1998.

 

Pisupati, B ‘Biotechnology, Cartagena Protocol and the WTO Rules’ (2005) 7:2

Asian Biotechnology and Development Review 75.

 

Rao, P K, 'Multilateral Environmental Agreements and Trade Policies' in PK Rao, International Trade Policies and Climate Change Governance (Springer, 2012) pp35-44.

 

Stewart,  Terence  P.  and  Johanson,  David  S.  ‘A  Nexus  of  Trade  and  the Environment: The Relationship between the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety and the  SPS  Agreement  of  the  World  Trade  Organization’  (2003)  14  Colorado Journal of International Environmental Law & Policy 1.

 

Tarasofsky,    Richard     G,    “Ensuring     Compatibility    between    Multilateral Environmental      Agreements       and     GATT/WTO”,                       (1996)      7      Year    Book of International Environmental Law 53.

 

Timbur, Margareta, Multilateral Environmental Agreements and the Trade Measures Located in these Agreements (CES Working Paper, 2012)

 

United Nations Environment Programme, Trade Related Measures and Multilateral Environmental Agreements (UNEP, 2007). Available at: http://www.unep.ch/etb/areas/pdf/MEA%20Papers/TradeRelated_MeasuresPaper.pdf

 

Voon, Tania, “Sizing up the WTO: Trade-Environment Conflict and the Kyoto

Protocol”, (2000) Vol 10:1 Journal of Transnational Law and Policy 71.

 

Zaelke, Durwood, Kaniaru, Donald, Kruzikova, E (eds), Making Laws Work: Environmental   Compliance  and  Sustainable  Development  Vol  1  (London: Cameron May, 2005).

 

 

TOPIC 10: REGIONAL AGREEMENTS

 

REQUIRED READING:

 

Chapter 6 – HANDBOOK

 

CHAPTER FIVE: SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND FREE TRADE

 

CHAPTER SIX: SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND FREE TRADE

 

CHAPTER SEVEN: SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND FREE TRADE

 

 

 

RECOMMENDED READINGS:

ON EU:

Bartels, L, 'The WTO Legality of the Application of the EU's Emission Trading Scheme to Aviation' (2012) 23(2) European Journal of International Law 429

 

Geradin, Damien, 'Trade and Environment: Some Lessons from (Australia) and (European Community)' (1995) 44(1) International and Comparative Law Quarterly 41.

 

Petersmann, Ernst_Ulrich, 'European Trade Law and European Environmental Law in the Regional Context of EC Integration' in International and European Trade and Environmental Law after the Uruguay Round (Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1995) 53.

 

Commission of the European Communities v Denmark [1988] Case 302/86 ECR 4607

 

Commission of the European Communities v Belgium [1992] Case C-2/90 ECR I-4431.

On NAFTA:

Fox, Annette  B,  “Environment  and  Trade:  The  NAFTA  Case”,  (1995)  110:1

Political Science Quarterly 49.

 

Charnovitz S, “The North American Free Trade Agreement: Green Law or Green

Spin”, (1994) 26:1 Law and Policy in International Business 1.

 

Hill, H. Hamner, ‘NAFTA and Environmental Protection: the First 10 Years’ (2006) 6 Journal of the Institute of Justice & International Studies 157.

 

Kublicki,    Nicolas,    “The    Greening     of    Free    Trade:    NAFTA,   Mexican Environmental       Law,                and                  Debt    Exchanges                   for    Mexican       Environmental Infrastructure Development”, (1994) 19 Columbia Journal of Environmental Law

59.

 

Moreno, S, “Free Trade and the Environment: The NAFTA, the NAAEC, and

Implications for the Future”, (1999) 12 Tulane Environmental Law Journal 405.

 

Reid A,  “NAFTA  &  the  Environmental  Side  Agreement:  Fusing  Economic

Development with Ecological Responsibility”, (1994) 31 San Diego Law Review

1025.

 

Steinberg RH, ‘Trade-Environment Negotiations in the EU, NAFTA, and WTO: Regional  Trajectories  of  Rule  Development’  (1997)  91  American  Journal  of International Law 231.

 

Vega-Ca’novas,  Gustavo,  “NAFTA  and  the  Environment”,  (2001-2002)  30

Denver Journal International Law & Policy 55.

 

Wold, Chris,  ‘Evaluating  NAFTA  and  the  Commissioner  for  Environmental Cooperation:  Lessons  for  Integrating  Trade  and  Environment  in  Free  Trade Agreements’ (2008-2009) 28 St. Louis University Public Law Review 201.

 

On APEC:

 

Esty, DC and Dua, A “APEC and Sustainable Development” (with Andre Dua), in Whither APEC?: The Progress toDate and Agenda for the Future (C. Fred Bergsten, ed.), Washington: Institute for International Economics (1997).

 

Hunter, J ‘APEC: Promise or Peril in the Asia Pacific’, (1997) 2:3 Ecological

Economics Bulletin, available

<http://www.nautilus.org/archives/papers/enviro/hunter_apec.html>

 

Jha, R, ‘Alleviating Environmental Degradation in the Asia-Pacific Region: International Co-operation and the Role of Issue-linkage’ February 2005, available: < http:// ssrn.com/abstract_id=677881>

 

Lawrence, P ‘APEC Promises a Roar and Delivers a Whimper: The Sydney Declaration on Climate and Energy’ (2008) 11 Asia Pacific Journal of Environmental Law 29.

 

McDonald J, ‘APEC and ESD: Turning Sustained Economic Growth into Ecologically Sustainable Development’ in P Leadbeter, N Gunningham and B Boer (eds) Environmental Outlook No 3, Law and Policy (2000) p91.

 

Spalding, MJ, ‘Lessons of NAFTA for APEC’ (1997) 6:3 Journal of Environment and Development 253.

 

Zarsky, L and Hunter, J., Environmental Co-operation at APEC: The First Five

Years, available

<http://www.nautilus.org/archives/papers/enviro/TEPP/zarsky_hunterTEPP.html>

 

 

TOPIC 11: CROSS-CUTTING ISSUES

 

 

 

REQUIRED READINGS:

 

 

CHAPTER 7 – HANDBOOK

 

CHAPTER 4 - SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND FREE TRADE

 

 

RECOMMENDED READINGS:

 

de Souza, Raquel R, 'Can New Legislation in Importing Countries Represent New Barriers to the Development of an International Ethanol Market?' (2011) 39(6) Energy Policy 3154.

 

Gathii, James, 'Food Sovereignty for Poor Countries in the Global Trading System' (2011) 57(3) Loyola Law Review 509.

 

González-Garibay, Montserrat, 'The Trade

 

Green, Andrew ‘Climate Change, Regulatory Policy and the WTO: How Constraining are Trade Rules?’ (2005) 8 Journal of International Economic Law 143.

 

Farah, P D, 'Energy Trade and the WTO: Implications for Renewable Energy and the OPEC Cartel' (2013) 16(3) Journal of International Economic Law 707.

 

Hillman, J, Changing Climate for Carbon Taxes: Who's Afraid of the WTO? (German Marshall Fund of the US, Washington DC, 2013).

 

 

ICTSD/IISD. The Doha Briefing Series. Updated series of 13 issue briefings. Various dates. <http://www.iisd.org/trade/wto/doha_briefing.asp>.

WTO Web page on Doha negotiations. <http://www.wto.org/english/

thewto_e/minist_e/min01_e/min01_e.htm>.

 

Martin, Marisa, ‘Trade Law Implications of Restricting Participation in the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme’ (2007) 19 Georgetown International Environmental Law Review 437.

 

Miles, Kate,  ‘International Investment Law and Climate Change: Issues in the Transition to a Low Carbon World’ (2008) Society of International Economic Law Working Paper, SSRN, <http://www.ssrn.com/link/SIEL-Inaugural-Conference.html>.

 

OECD, 1999. Methodologies for Environmental Assessment of Trade

Liberalisation Agreements (COM/TD/ENV(99)92/FINAL). Paris: OECD.

<http://www.oecd.org/ech/26-27oct/docs/report.pdf>.

 

Sustainability Impact Assessment of Proposed WTO Multilateral Trade Negotiations (Portal site). Institute for Development Policy and Management, University of Manchester, U.K.

<http://www.sia-trade.org/wto/index.htm>.

 

UNEP, 2004. Environmental Impact Assessment and Strategic Environmental

Assessment: Towards an Integrated Approach. Geneva: UNEP.

<http://www.unep.ch/etb/publications/EnvImpAss/textONUBr.pdf>.

 

UNEP, 2005. Handbook on Integrated Assessment of Trade Related Measures: The Agriculture Sector. Geneva: UNEP. <http://www.unep.ch/etu/etp/ TradeLiberRiceStu/HanBookAgriSector.pdf>.

 

UNEP, 2005. Integrated Assessment of the Impact of Trade Liberalization on the

Rice Sector: UNEP Country Projects Round III (A Synthesis Report).

<http://www.unep.ch/etb/publications/intAssessment/RapSynRice.pdf>.

 

 

 

TOPIC 12: TRADE, ENVIRONMENT AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: THE WAY(S) FORWARD

 

RECOMMENDED READINGS:

CHAPTER NINE: SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND FREE TRADE

 

Dagne, Teshager Worku, 'The Debate on Environmentally Motivated Unilateral Trade Measures in the World Trade Organization: The Way Forward' (2010) 9 Washington University Global Studies Law Review 427.

 

Esty, Daniel C, ‘Bridging the Trade-Environment Divide’ (2001) 15:3 Journal of

Economic Perspectives 113.

 

Fatoumata Jawara and Aileen Kwa, Behind the Scenes at the WTO: the Real

World of International Trade Negotiations, Zed Books, London, 2003.

 

Gantz, David, World Trade Law after Doha: Multilateral, Regional and National Approaches (2011) 40(1) Denver Journal of International Law and Policy 321.

 

Green, Andrew  and  Epps,  Tracy,  ‘The  WTO,  Science  and  the  Environment: Moving  Towards Consistency’ (2007) 10:2 Journal of International Economic Law 285.

 

Koh, T, “ North-South Relation: Conflict and Cooperation”, in The Quest for World  Order:  Perspectives  of  a  Pragmatic  Idealist,  The  Institute  of  Policy Studies, Times Academic  Press, 1997, pp 58-63, in Donna Craig, Koh Kheng- Lian and Nicholas Robinson, Capacity  Building for Environmental Law in the Asian  and  Pacific  Region:  Approaches  and   Resources  –  Volume  I.  Asian Development Bank, (2002), 407.

 

Miller,    Marian    AL,    “Global    Environmental     Politics    and    Sustainable Development”,  Third  World  in  Global  Environmental  Politics.  Buckingham: Open University Press (1995), 143.

 

Runnalls, David, “What the North Must Do?”, in Simon SC Tay and Daniel C Esty  (eds)  Asian  Dragons  and  Green  Trade:  Environment,  Economics  and International law. Singapore: Times Academic Press, (1996), 169.

 

Sanjay, Kumar & Chowdhury, Nupur, “Trade and Environment in the WTO: Negotiating   Options  for  Developing  Countries”,  Research  and  Information Systems for Developing  Countries, (2005). Accessed at <http://www.ris.org.in/> (paper #103 under Discussion Papers).

 

Subedi, Surya P, “The Road From Doha: The Issues in the Development Round of the WTO and  the Future of International Trade”, (April 2003) 52 International and Comparative Law Quarterly 425.

United Nations  Conference on Trade and Development, A Positive Agenda for

Developing Countries:  Issues  for  Future  Trade  Negotiations,  United  Nations,

New York, 2000.