Students

LING2218 – Grammar and Meaning

2026 – Session 1, Online-scheduled-weekday

General Information

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Unit convenor and teaching staff Unit convenor and teaching staff
Annabelle Lukin
Tutor
Ernest Akerejola-Eminefo
Credit points Credit points
10
Prerequisites Prerequisites
10cp from LING units at 1000 level
Corequisites Corequisites
Co-badged status Co-badged status
Unit description Unit description

Grammar is the powerhouse of language. This unit will introduce you to the relationship of grammar and meaning, through understanding the three functions of language: the experiential function (how we use language to construe our experience of the world around us, and the world inside us); the interpersonal function (how we enact our social relationships through language); and the textual function (how we organise our language into coherent text). The lexicogrammatical analysis you will learn about in this unit can be applied directly to the texts that you create and consume on a daily basis. The framework you learn in this unit is also applied in many different fields of study, including computational linguistics, translation, literary studies, child language development, political and media discourse, the language of health professionals, the language of education, etc. This is a unit for people who love language, and who understand that language is important to all aspects of life.

Important Academic Dates

Information about important academic dates including deadlines for withdrawing from units are available at https://www.mq.edu.au/study/calendar-of-dates

Learning Outcomes

On successful completion of this unit, you will be able to:

  • ULO1: Differentiate the three functions of language: the experiential function (language construing experience), the interpersonal function (language enacting interpersonal relations), and the textual function (language creating coherent text)
  • ULO2: Apply grammatical concepts to the study of naturally occurring text
  • ULO3: Analyse grammatical patterning in naturally occurring text
  • ULO4: Appraise the effects of the grammatical patterning in text in relation to the nature of the social and cultural context of the text

General Assessment Information

Grade descriptors and other information concerning grading are contained in the Macquarie University Assessment Policy.

All final grades are determined by a grading committee, in accordance with the Macquarie University Assessment Policy, and are not the sole responsibility of the Unit Convenor.

Students will be awarded a final grade and a mark which must correspond to the grade descriptors specified in the Assessment Procedure (clause 128 and 129).

To pass this unit, you must demonstrate sufficient evidence of achievement of the learning outcomes, meet any ungraded requirements, and achieve a final mark of 50 or better.

Further details for each assessment task will be available on iLearn.

Late Submissions

Unless a Special Consideration request has been submitted and approved, a 5% penalty (OF THE TOTAL POSSIBLE MARK) will be applied each day an assessment is not submitted, up until the 7th day (including weekends). After the 7th day, a grade of ‘0’ will be awarded even if the assessment is submitted. Submission time for all written assessments is set at 11.55pm. A 1-hour grace period is provided to students who experience a technical concern. 

 For example:

Number of days (hours) late

Total Possible Marks

Deduction

Raw mark

Final mark

1 day (1-24 hours)

100

5

75

70

2 days (24-48 hours)

100

10

75

65

3 days (48-72 hours)

100

15

75

60

7 days (144-168 hours)

100

35

75

40

>7 days (>168 hours)

100

-

75

0

 

For any late submissions of time-sensitive tasks, such as scheduled tests/exams, performance assessments/presentations, and/or scheduled practical assessments/labs, students need to submit an application for Special Consideration.

Assessment Tasks

Name Weighting Hurdle Due Groupwork/Individual Short Extension AI Approach
Text analysis Part 1 30% No 2026-04-17 Individual Yes Open
Text analysis Part 2 50% No 2026-06-05 Individual Yes Open
Interpreting and appraising textual patterns 20% No 2026-05-11 Individual No Observed

Text analysis Part 1

Assessment Type 1: Written Submission
Indicative Time on Task 2: 24 hours
Due: 2026-04-17
Weighting: 30%
Groupwork/Individual: Individual
Short extension 3: Yes
AI Approach: Open

In this assignment, students will apply constituency and experiential grammatical categories to naturally occurring text. They will identify the grammatical patterns in the text, and explain the relationship of these patterns to the social context of this text. 


On successful completion you will be able to:
  • Differentiate the three functions of language: the experiential function (language construing experience), the interpersonal function (language enacting interpersonal relations), and the textual function (language creating coherent text)
  • Apply grammatical concepts to the study of naturally occurring text
  • Analyse grammatical patterning in naturally occurring text
  • Appraise the effects of the grammatical patterning in text in relation to the nature of the social and cultural context of the text

Text analysis Part 2

Assessment Type 1: Written Submission
Indicative Time on Task 2: 40 hours
Due: 2026-06-05
Weighting: 50%
Groupwork/Individual: Individual
Short extension 3: Yes
AI Approach: Open

Using the same text as assignment 1, in this assignment students extend the analysis to apply the grammatical categories of the interpersonal and textual metafunctions. They will identify the grammatical patterns in the text, and explain the relationship of these patterns to the social context of this text. 


On successful completion you will be able to:
  • Differentiate the three functions of language: the experiential function (language construing experience), the interpersonal function (language enacting interpersonal relations), and the textual function (language creating coherent text)
  • Apply grammatical concepts to the study of naturally occurring text
  • Analyse grammatical patterning in naturally occurring text
  • Appraise the effects of the grammatical patterning in text in relation to the nature of the social and cultural context of the text

Interpreting and appraising textual patterns

Assessment Type 1: Experiential task
Indicative Time on Task 2: 12 hours
Due: 2026-05-11
Weighting: 20%
Groupwork/Individual: Individual
Short extension 3: No
AI Approach: Observed

Students are provided with a text that has already been analysed in relation to its experiential and interpersonal lexicogrammatical elements. Students identify, summarize and interpret the significance of the lexicogrammatical patterns in this text through a written submission.


On successful completion you will be able to:
  • Differentiate the three functions of language: the experiential function (language construing experience), the interpersonal function (language enacting interpersonal relations), and the textual function (language creating coherent text)
  • Analyse grammatical patterning in naturally occurring text
  • Appraise the effects of the grammatical patterning in text in relation to the nature of the social and cultural context of the text

1 If you need help with your assignment, please contact:

  • the academic teaching staff in your unit for guidance in understanding or completing this type of assessment
  • Academic Success for academic skills support.

2 Indicative time-on-task is an estimate of the time required for completion of the assessment task and is subject to individual variation.

3 An automatic short extension is available for some assessments. Apply through the Service Connect Portal.

Delivery and Resources

As a student enrolled in this unit, you will engage in a range of learning activities, including a two two hour weekly lecture, a 1 hour weekly tutorial (beginning in Week 2), weekly readings, and weekly unassessed text analysis tasks. Details can be found on iLearn for this unit.

Textbooks

This unit has a choice between two textbooks:

1. Butt, Fahey, Spinks, Yallop, Feez. 2012. Using Functional Grammar: An Explorer's Guide. Palgrave Macmillan. This is only available in hard copy in the library. It is a shorter, simpler version of the content.  The book is currently out of print. You can get it second hand - or you can access this pdf of the 2nd edition on line. There is also a copy of the third edition available at https://archive.org/. 

2. Halliday and Matthiessen. 2014. An Introduction to Functional Grammar, Taylor and Francis. 2014. This book is available online through the library.

Butt et al. is a shorter, simpler introduction. Halliday and Matthiessen is a more comprehensive overview of the content covered in this unit.

Technology used

Active participation in the learning activities throughout the unit will require students to have access to a tablet, laptop or similar device. Students who do not own their own laptop computer may borrow one from the university library.

Unit Schedule

Week

Lecture topics

Readings

1

What is language? What is grammar?

We begin this unit by exploring some ideas about the nature of language including how it is that we come to be users of language. Language is more than grammar, so we also need to understand the place of grammar within language. While often thought of as ‘rules’, grammar is a resource for meaning. I’ll illustrate this point by looking at what verbs do. The verb is a structure that allows us to represent and construe process, flux and change. It’s time to move beyond the ‘verb is a doing word’ definition, to explore the power and beauty of the grammar of verbs.

Also, see my column here for background on the way grammar is explored in this unit.

Halliday’s and Matthiessen’s An Introduction to Functional Grammar (IFG): Chapter 1 – section 1.1 (pp3-10); Chapter 2 – section 2.1 (pp58-64)

 

Using Functional Grammar: An Explorer’s Guide- Second Edition (UFG-2): Chapter 1&2

 

Using Functional Grammar: An Explorer’s Guide- Third Edition (UFG-3): Chapter 1&2

 

 

2-3

Constituency: units in grammar

In weeks 2-3, we extend our picture by looking at the other important units in grammar. We will look at the grammatical units of clause, group and phrase, word, and morpheme. To understand what we can 'see' in language structure we have to understand what motivates it, and relate it to the motif of 'choice'.

IFG: Chapter 6

 

UFG-2: Chapter 1&2

 

UFG-3: Chapter 3

4

What is a clause?

To use language in the many and varied ways we interact, we need to put words into structures. The most important grammatical unit is the clause, because it is through the clause we create ‘experiential’, ‘interpersonal’ and ‘textual meanings’. In this lecture, we will build on the two previous weeks by looking at whole clauses, and different types of clauses. We will even see clauses inside (i.e. ‘embedded in’) other clauses.

IFG: Chapter 2 - section 2.5-2.7

 

UFG-2: Chapter 2

 

UFG-3: Chapter 3

5-6

Clause as representation: language construing experience

Humans use language for meaning making of three kinds. In weeks 5 and 6 we begin exploring how grammar allows us to make sense of experience, to turn experience into meaning that we can share with our nearest and dearest, or complete strangers. We will come back to the verbal group, and look at different kinds of verbs/processes, and how we use grammar to construe action, saying and thinking, and relations of identity and similarity.  

IFG: Chapter 5

 

UFG-2: Chapter 3

 

UFG-3: Chapter 4

7-8

Clause as exchange: language enacting social relationships

Humans don't produce linguistic structure as an end in itself. We don't just talk, we talk to someone, even when that someone is someone we don't know or can never know. There is always an audience for our talk. There are many dimensions to our social relations. For instance, how do you talk to people who have some kind of power over you? How does your talk reflect a relation of familiarity or intimacy? When you talk to very young kids, or to elderly people, how does your language vary? These kinds of distinctions are reflected and made through linguistic choices.

IFG: Chapter 4

 

UFG-2:

Week 7: Chapter 4

Week 8: Chapter 5

 

UFG-3:

Week 7: Chapter 5

Week 8: Chapter 6

9-10

Clause as message: language for creating coherent text

Language allows us to make meanings of two kinds simultaneously: meanings about the world, and meanings about the social relations that pertain to a given situation. How do we make all this hang together? The textual function is the grammar for creating coherent texts. In weeks 9-10 we look into the options in grammar for the order of elements in a clause, and how this order has consequences for text structure and coherence.

IFG: Chapter 3

 

UFG-2: Chapter 6

UFG-3: Chapter 7

11

Building up text

This week we look at the grammatical resources for linking and binding clauses together to create more complex clausal structures. We look at the choices speakers and writers have to give more or less prominence to meaning, and to create the ‘logical’ meanings that join clauses together.

IFG: Chapter 7

 

UFG-2: Chapter 7

 

UFG-3: Chapter 8

12

Review and consolidation

This week we work through all the analysis we have done so far, to bring out the patterns of meaning in a sample text.

No new readings this week

13

Language in society, society in language

We analyse real data in linguistics to help us understand the nature of language. But we also apply our insights to understanding all kinds of language-related issues, from language as an aesthetic resource in the study of literature, to language used to divide communities for political purposes. In this final lecture I examine some of the many applications of the tools you have studied in this unit.

See iLearn for suggested readings.

 

Policies and Procedures

Macquarie University policies and procedures are accessible from Policy Central (https://policies.mq.edu.au). Students should be aware of the following policies in particular with regard to Learning and Teaching:

Students seeking more policy resources can visit Student Policies (https://students.mq.edu.au/support/study/policies). It is your one-stop-shop for the key policies you need to know about throughout your undergraduate student journey.

To find other policies relating to Teaching and Learning, visit Policy Central (https://policies.mq.edu.au) and use the search tool.

Student Code of Conduct

Macquarie University students have a responsibility to be familiar with the Student Code of Conduct: https://students.mq.edu.au/admin/other-resources/student-conduct

Results

Results published on platform other than eStudent, (eg. iLearn, Coursera etc.) or released directly by your Unit Convenor, are not confirmed as they are subject to final approval by the University. Once approved, final results will be sent to your student email address and will be made available in eStudent. For more information visit connect.mq.edu.au or if you are a Global MBA student contact globalmba.support@mq.edu.au

Academic Integrity

At Macquarie, we believe academic integrity – honesty, respect, trust, responsibility, fairness and courage – is at the core of learning, teaching and research. We recognise that meeting the expectations required to complete your assessments can be challenging. So, we offer you a range of resources and services to help you reach your potential, including free online writing and maths support, academic skills development and wellbeing consultations.

Student Support

Macquarie University provides a range of support services for students. For details, visit http://students.mq.edu.au/support/

Academic Success

Academic Success provides resources to develop your English language proficiency, academic writing, and communication skills.

The Library provides online and face to face support to help you find and use relevant information resources. 

Student Services and Support

Macquarie University offers a range of Student Support Services including:

Student Enquiries

Got a question? Ask us via the Service Connect Portal, or contact Service Connect.

IT Help

For help with University computer systems and technology, visit http://www.mq.edu.au/about_us/offices_and_units/information_technology/help/

When using the University's IT, you must adhere to the Acceptable Use of IT Resources Policy. The policy applies to all who connect to the MQ network including students.

Artificial Intelligence Tools

Macquarie University recognises that artificial intelligence (AI), especially generative AI, is rapidly reshaping education and the modern workplace. As AI becomes increasingly accessible, the University and your teaching staff are committed to preparing you to use these tools effectively, ethically, and with strong professional judgment. Rather than restricting technology, the emphasis is on helping you understand when and how AI can be used to enhance productivity, support learning, and reflect real-world professional practice. Across your degree, we will support you to develop the critical thinking, adaptability, and values-based decision-making skills required to navigate evolving AI tools responsibly, including acknowledging their use appropriately.  You should always appropriately acknowledge when you have used AI tools within assessment tasks, including which AI tools you have used and how you have used them.

To provide clarity, Macquarie University uses a simple, two-tiered approach to AI in assessment:

 AI Open assessments allow you to fully incorporate AI, reflecting authentic tasks where AI would normally be used in professional settings.

Observed with AI Optional assessments involve tasks where you either demonstrate essential knowledge without technology or show how you apply AI under supervision.

Across both categories, the goal is to ensure you build foundational knowledge, exercise sound judgment, and engage with AI in ways that uphold ethical, cultural, and university values.

Inclusion and Diversity

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Professionalism

In the Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, professionalism is a key capability embedded in all our courses.

As part of developing professionalism, students are expected to attend all small group interactive sessions including clinical, practical, laboratory, work-integrated learning (e.g., PACE placements), and team-based learning activities. Some learning activities are recorded (e.g., face-to-face lectures), however you are encouraged to avoid relying upon such material as they do not recreate the whole learning experience and technical issues can and do occur. As an adult learner, we respect your decision to choose how you engage with your learning, but we would remind you that the learning opportunities we create for you have been done so to enable your success, and that by not engaging you may impact your ability to successfully complete this unit. We equally expect that you show respect for the academic staff who have worked hard to develop meaningful activities and prioritise your learning by communicating with them in advance if you are unable to attend a small group interactive session.

Another dimension of professionalism is having respect for your peers. It is the right of every student to learn in an environment that is free of disruption and distraction. Please arrive to all learning activities on time, and if you are unavoidably detained, please join activity as quietly as possible to minimise disruption. Phones and other electronic devices that produce noise and other distractions must be turned off prior to entering class. Where your own device (e.g., laptop) is being used for class-related activities, you are asked to close down all other applications to avoid distraction to you and others. Please treat your fellow students with the utmost respect. If you are uncomfortable participating in any specific activity, please let the relevant academic know.


Unit information based on version 2026.01R of the Handbook